Browsing by Author "Charles Imbiakha"

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    Institutional Settings and Forest Conservation in Kenya: Multiple Gazettement Questions
    (A Journal of the National Defence University-Kenya, 2025-12) Blessington Maghanga; Charles Imbiakha
    The study explored the effects of various gazettements on the conservation of forests in Kenya with cases of Shimba Hills Forest in Kwale County, Marsabit Forest in Marsabit County and the Hombe Forest in Nyeri County. Multiple gazettement, which here can be defined as two or more forests with two or more institutions having separate policies and mandates, was studied to determine its implications for governance and conservation. The research examined the laws and regulations, formal (enactments and regulations) as well as informal (customs) that affect the conservation of forests in different gazetted forest areas in Kenya. The study utilised a qualitative approach, based on a case study design that was used to collect information by interviewing key informants (policy implementers) and conducting focus groups with the representatives of community-based organisations. The research establishes that the legal disputes between the Kenya Forest Service, the Kenya Wildlife Service and the Kenya Water Towers Agency are confusing, hence undermining enforcement and decreasing community confidence. Sacred groves, tree taboos and seasonal use rules are still practised, but are in many instances neglected through a formal planning process. The results signify the necessity to harmonise laws and to work closely with other agencies and to formally acknowledge traditional practices, or additional evaluation is needed to comprehend why some respondents mentioned that it would be better to roll back to single gazettement.
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    Strategic Determinants of Military Effectiveness in Fragile States: The Case of Somalia
    (International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 2025-10) Mohamed Ali Barise; Mugah Michael Sitawa; Charles Imbiakha
    The military efficacy in fragile nations is influenced by a confluence of strategic, institutional, and contextual factors that affect the capacity of armed forces to maintain stability and fulfil national security goals. Somalia's prolonged war, fragile governmental frameworks, and foreign involvement have posed significant obstacles to the establishment of a competent military. This article analyses how elements like as leadership, resource mobilisation, training and professionalism, institutional coherence, and the influence of foreign relationships affect the performance of Somali National Army. It underscores the influence of political instability, clan dynamics, and tenuous governance on military operations and strategic planning. The article examines how Somalia's dependence on foreign entities, notably the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia and international donors, has influenced its military capabilities and strategic goals. Research reveals that while external funding has improved capabilities in logistics, training, and equipment supply, excessive reliance on foreign aid jeopardises long-term sustainability and independence. The paper asserts that enhancing Somalia's military efficacy requires a comprehensive approach that incorporates political stability, institutional changes, and capacity-building programs suited to the nation's precarious circumstances.
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    Strengthening the Fight Against Money Laundering: Kenya's Government Initiatives
    (International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 2025-09) David Kipngetich Bii; Victor Muithya; Charles Imbiakha
    Money Laundering (ML) is one of the global growing concerns in addressing security threats at national, regional, and global levels. Over time, ML has been associated with National Security (NS) threats such as terrorism, drug trafficking, human trafficking, corruption, and other economic crimes. In Kenya, the association of ML to national security threats remain unexplored. This study, therefore, evaluated the association between money laundering and national security threats in Kenya. The study's general objective was to evaluate efforts government efforts in combating ML activities in Kenya. This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional research design which supported the utilisation of a simple random sampling technique and purposive sampling to obtain 22 respondents from security agencies and private sector players engaged in anti-money laundering activities. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques were applied to obtain findings. The study established that ML occurs through complex channels that remain a challenge to both government agencies and financial institutions. The dynamics of the ML are manifested through unpredictable ways in mainstream banking and non-banking systems. In the wake of these NS threats, the government of Kenya has remained proactive through stepping up efforts in preventive and control of ML, however, the practice persists. The study concluded that effects of ML are far reaching and indicate the intricate web of criminal activities that transcend beyond Kenyan borders. ML is therefore a cause for weakening national security systems as well as a contributor to other criminal activities. Unless addressed, ML will remain a significant phenomenon in the national security systems that requires institutional and normative frameworks to be addressed. The study recommended the government to strengthen AML compliance policies and increase funding to agencies involved in the fight against ML.