Browsing by Author "Joseph M. Mutungi"

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    Building Sustainable Community Peace and Cohesion in Informal Settlements: The Agency of Grassroots Organizations in Kibra, Kenya
    (International Journal of Innovative Research and Knowledge, 2021-04) Christine J. Agaya; Joseph M. Mutungi
    Consensus among scholars and practitioners points towards the agency of grassroots organizations in building sustainable peace and cohesion. These organizations are advanced as both organic and all-inclusive, which are important aspects of sustainability. Despite this acknowledgement, little research has been devoted towards establishing the factors that predispose the grassroots organizations as viable platforms for building peace and cohesion. This study which is anchored on the intergroup contact theory argues that the voluntary nature of grassroots organizations, their people-centric nature, emphasis on citizen participation as well as the presence of collaborative abilities render these organizations central to the bottom-up approach to building peace and cohesion. Contact between the groups helps create the kind of social capital necessary for collective action and subsequently reduction in prejudice.
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    Optimizing Multi-Agency Cooperation in Kenya’s National Security Planning and Response
    (International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2023-10) Christopher Tarus Boit; Joseph M. Mutungi
    Shifting geo-political, environmental, and socio-economic factors on the global front continue to herald new realities to the national safety and security of individual countries. To address security challenges and the emergent threats, nations have had to adopt contemporary perspectives. One of the most common, and fruitful of these perspectives in the Kenyan national security setup is that of multi-agency cooperation (MAC). This qualitative inquiry therefore sought to establish the nature and structure of interagency collaboration, collecting data from 111 participants sourced through the snowball sampling method. The data was collected using interviews and thematically analyzed based on emergent themes. The study established that MAC in Kenya is structured at the cabinet level, but also often takes the peer-to-peer collaboration format, and the in-group structure of collaboration. The study proposes Blending Outsider Insights and Techniques (the BOIT Model) to enhance the operational effectiveness and outcomes of MAC frameworks within Kenya’s vast and dynamic security landscape. The model would be useful in improving perspectives, and enhancing Tactical Resourcefulness under Stress (TARUS) within agencies and services involved in managing Kenya’s national security and safety.
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    Push Factors towards Consociational Democracy in Plural Sub National Polities: The Case of Mandera County, Kenya
    (International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE), 2019-10) Joseph M. Mutungi
    Consociational democracy has been advanced as the antidote to politically motivated violent conflicts in plural societies because of its strong support for inclusion of all significant segments in the population. This variant of democracy is advanced as favoring peace and stability. The focus of research has however tended to be on heterogeneity at the national level. Little research exists to examine the pull factors towards consociational democracy at the sub-national polities, most of which exhibit heterogeneity within homogeneity, thanks to gerrymandering by the political elite during the review of boundaries. This study which is anchored on the social capital theory, argues that social-cultural networks at the sub-national level strongly influence support for consociational democracy which is organized along ethnic identities. Instructively, the primordial and instrumental identities are used simultaneously depending on what the concerned social group(s) intend to achieve.
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    Rethinking Anti-Corruption Efforts In Kenya: A Critical Analysis Of The Performance Of EACC
    (International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2024-07) Ignatius Wekesa; Joseph M. Mutungi; Dennis M. Ndambo
    Despite the establishment of the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) to prevent, investigate and recommend offenders of ethical conduct and corruption for prosecution, the two vices persist within Kenya’s public service space. This paper sought to review the level of awareness on the commission’s mandate, the impact of decentralizing her services and effectiveness of her anti-corruption strategies. Using a mixed-methods approach, a sample of 86 respondents drawn from state agencies that collaborate with the EACC provided the data used in the analysis. Data was collected using a questionnaire and a key informant interview guide and analysed using descriptive and content analysis. The study established that whereas 70% of the respondents were aware of the EACC’s mandate as by law established, they held the view that the commission was ineffectiveness, partly due to lack of prosecutorial power and inadequate political goodwill. Further, the study determined that decentralization of EACC’s services helped deter corruption at the subnational level but was also undermined by resource gaps, both human and financial, as reported by 62% of respondents. The findings also revealed that the commission’s anti-corruption strategies were inconsistent and incompatible with those used by other state agencies in some cases. These dynamics, the study noted, had a negative impact on her overall performance and hence the undermined the fight against corruption in Kenya. The inconsistencies were despite the presence of a robust legal and institutional framework grounding the organization’s mandate. The study recommends optimal resourcing and synchronization of anticorruption effort across state organs in a move that typifies a whole-of-government approach in fighting the vice to ensure complementarity and synergy. There is also need for expeditious disposal of cases relating to graft and ethical breaches, whether they lead to asset recovery or prison sentences, to give impetus to the deterrence component of the efforts.
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    Socio-Cultural Dynamics Influencing Border Security Management along Kenya’s Northern Border with Ethiopia
    (International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2022-10) Christopher L. Imboywa; Joseph M. Mutungi; Simon Muthomi
    The purpose of this study was to assess the implications of the border security management on Kenya’s national security. The study assessed selected socio-cultural dynamics that influence the interactions of the border communities and their impact on border security management at the Moyale One Stop Boarder Post. The study was anchored on the realism and Regional Security Complex theories and adopted a descriptive research design. A total of 493 respondents were targeted by the study, out of which a sample of 220 was obtained using the Yamane Formula. The respondents were sampled, using purposive, stratified and simple random sampling methods. Primary data was collected using both questionnaires and Key Informant Interview (KII) guide. Collected quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics and presented in tables and figures while qualitative data was organized into themes for analysis and reported using narratives. The study established that despite the increased revenues and a reduction in insecurity incidents within the territory of Kenya as reported by 64% and 79% of the respondents respectively, incidents of insecurity continued to occur. This points to gaps in the enforcement process, attributable to the absence of a functioning border management committee. There is also lack of cooperation from the local community in providing information on illegal immigrants living among the community. This is mainly due to cross border family ties whose social capital superseded their nationality. The study recommends activation of the border security management committee with clear terms of reference and standard operating procedures to ensure that all border security agencies operate within a multi-agency framework. Further, the national and county governments should collaborate in implementing the African Union Border Programmes in order to incentivize the border community to own the border security management initiative.
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    Towards Civil–Military Synergy in National Security Governance: Challenges and Opportunities in Nepal
    (Unity Journal, 2026-02) Joseph M. Mutungi; Victor Muithya
    This study investigates the challenges and opportunities of integrating military leadership into Nepal’s civilian governance structures, focusing on the period from 2015 to 2024. Grounded in Network Governance Theory, Civil Military Relations Theories, and Realism, the research employed a pragmatic mixed methods approach. Data was collected using key informant interviews (KIIs), Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and semi structured surveys among policymakers, military leaders, and national security experts. The study identifies legal institutional gaps, political resistance, and trust deficits as key barriers, while pointing to opportunities in strategic education, leadership development, and defense diplomacy. The article concludes that a structured, democratically accountable integration can significantly enhance national security outcomes.