4. Electronic theses and dissertations

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The Role of Community Policing in Curbing the Proliferation of Illicit Arms in Kenya: The Case of Kibra Sub-county in Nairobi County
(NDU-K, 2023) Parmeres Askah J
Throughout the course of history, there has been persistent exacerbation of the predicament face by civilians worldwide due the widespread and unlawful proliferation of illicit firearms, which remains a threat to the maintenance of global peace and security. The prevalence of violence and crime continue to pose a significant and enduring challenge to progress and growth everywhere, but especially in metropolitan areas. Notably, the prevalence of illicit firearms derails the fulfilment of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Target 16.4 of Objective 16, which aims to stop the flow of illegal weapons and combat organized crime. Since the SDGs are interrelated, attaining this Objective will advance the achievement of the other SDGs. The widespread circulation of illegal weapons poses a severe threat to Kenya's national security as well as the protection of its citizens. Community policing (CP) has become a crucial strategy in tackling the proliferation of illicit arms, even though law enforcement organizations are responsible for doing so. In order to improve human security, CP places a strong emphasis on collaborative relationships between the community and law enforcement agencies. In several countries around the world, including Kenya, the campaign has proved effective in lowering crime rates. CP’s efficacy in stopping the spread of illegal armaments, however, is not well-known. From the foregoing, the study set to explore the potential of CP as a strategy to effectively address the issue of illicit arms proliferation in Kenya, with a specific focus on Kibra Sub-County in Nairobi County. This study aims to add to new knowledge to fill in the gaps with regards to the precise manner in which CP can be utilized to promote an illicit gun-free society in Kenya. In its three objectives, the study analyzed CP's contribution to the discovery of illegal weapons, evaluated CP's involvement in the hunt for illegal weapons and assessed its participation in breaking up illegal arms gangs in Kibra Sub-County. This research used systems theory, credited to Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972), to explain the manner in which communitypolice relations impact on the efficacy of CP as a strategy for contending with illicit arms problem. The project utilized an exploratory survey as the study design. This research employed both qualitative and quantitative study approaches, thus allow the research to gather a mix of primary and secondary data. Using key informant interviews and survey questionnaires, the primary data were gathered from the study's population, comprising Police officers, CP cluster heads, and National Government Administrative Officials in Kibra Sub-County. The quantitative data were examined using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, and the qualitative data were reviewed thematically and descriptively, and later documented in form of bar graphs, pie charts, tables, and narratives. Findings from the study indicate that Police officers in Kibra Sub-County face significant challenges in detecting and investigating illegal arms, as well as disrupting illicit weapons’ cartels. The study also reveals that the effectiveness of CP has been hampered by inadequate integration and coordination among relevant stakeholders as well as strained relationships between the police and the general public. The study concludes that CP is at the centre of curbing illegal arms proliferations in Kibra, albeit the inherent challenges. As such, the detection and investigation of illegal SALWs as well as disruption on of illicit arms cartels in Kibra Sub-County heavily relies on police and public cooperation. This study recommends that addressing the challenges such as poor integration, strained police-community relationships, and limited resources and public awareness is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of CP in preventing the spread of illegal firearms. Additionally, the study recommends the implementation of reforms within the security sector to support CP efforts. By actively involving and empowering the community, CP can foster trust and cooperation, thereby making significant progress in tackling illicit arms proliferation and enhancing overall safety and security in Kibra.
The Role of Religious Ideology on Radicalization: Case of Al-shabaab Terror Group
(NDU-K, 2023) Yahya Abdilkadir M
Worldwide, terrorism has become an increasing threat to international peace and security. As a result, the recent past has seen many international, regional, and national initiatives adopted to combat terrorism. Despite these global, regional, and state counterterrorism measures, terrorism threatens peace and security. Recent scholarship in counterterrorism is divided; on one side, some scholars contend that counterterrorism measures increase terrorism through retaliations by groups like the Somalia-based Al-Shabaab group, while others believe that it decreases the threats of terrorism. This study sought to pick up the debate by assessing the significance of religious ideology on the radicalization of the Al-Shabaab terrorist group and its subsequent terror campaigns. Religious ideologies are important in understanding a group’s identity and aim in further deducing its role in threatening peace, security, and state stability of a state such as Kenya, which borders Somalia on the east. As part of its theoretical framework, the study applied social psychology, resource mobilization, and rational choice theories that enabled it to identify challenges and opportunities in countering-ideological narratives in counter-radicalization among the Al-Shabaab. The study found that Al-Shabaab’s communication strategy features an advanced operational, tactical, and strategic level stratagem that depends heavily on religious ideology for its radicalization and recruitment programs of potential members. The study shows Islam is not a monolithic religion but has variations or denominations. Since the formation of the Islamic religion in the 6th century, several sects, many of whom have been influenced by non-Arabic cultures, have held divergent interpretations and applications of Islamic law. In the Kenyan context, the two major groups of Sunni and Shias are further divided into two divisions - the sub-sects which follow under the two central umbrellas are the Ahlu Sunnah Wal Jamaa (the party of the Sunnah who are predominantly the Sufis and the moderate Muslims) and the Wahabi Salafis. These divisions remain under the Sunni umbrella. Sunni has four schools, Hanafi, Shafi, Maliki, and Hanbali. Shia has two schools, Jaafri and Zaydi. These schools are regional and have been termed sects, aligning with the problematic movements within the Muslim divide. The study reveals that the Al-Shabaab group has exploited some religious and ideological differences. The ideological impulse used by the Al-Shabaab is impregnated with misinterpretation of scriptures drawn from the Holy Quran. It applies them selectively to justify its call for Jihadi uprising and bombing campaigns, such as the deadly Westgate Mall attack of 2013 and the Garissa University College bombing of 2015. This has meant that radicalism drawn from religions contributes majorly to the conundrum of insecurity in Kenya. The current Islamic ecology in Kenya points out that radical jihadists like Aboud Rogo or Ahmed Makaburi were extracts of the Wahhabist ideology, which for many years preached radical sermons in Mombasa Mosques, luring many youths into radical jihadist indoctrinations adopted and promoted by the Al-Shabaab. This is the foundation of contemporary radicalization and terrorism emanating from toxic religious and ideological interpretations. The study proposes several recommendations touching on good governance, capacity building of counterterrorism unit, human rights law, Islamic jurisprudence, and the need for an effective media strategy to counter the toxicity of Al-Shabaab’s radical religious, ideological narrative.
Contribution of the Military in Corporate Social Responsibility For Promoting Development in Africa: Case Study of Rwanda
(NDU-K, 2023) Louis Kanobayire
Military Corporate Social Responsibility (MCSR) is a strategic approach that combines military doctrine and corporate social responsibility practices to contribute to national development. Emerging creative endeavors provide assistance for sustainable development initiatives in various countries in the twenty-first century. For instance, military engagements in operations other than war, which are generally regarded as the secondary duty of military forces, have the ability to contribute to the growth of a state. Therefore, Corporate Social Responsibility in military service may be viewed as one of the tasks (military secondary function) that creates the ground for sustainable growth in a community. This is because the military serves as the foundation for the development of a society. The objectives of the study revolved around the examination of the contribution of the military corporate social responsibility in promoting development in Rwanda, where the researcher aimed at analyzing the concept of Military Corporate Social Responsibility in national development. The researcher also assessed the importance of applying CSR in RDF vis-à-vis the development of Rwanda. The potential contribution of RDF CSR endeavors to Rwanda vision 2050 were also examined. The rational choice institutionalism theory which posits that institutions, including organizations and governments, act rationally to maximize their self-interest in the decision making process was used for this study. In the context of military involvement in corporate social responsibility (CSR) for economic development, this theory implies that the military is motivated by a desire to enhance its own interests while also promoting development. The study targeted subject matter experts in CSR and those who have an idea in the area of CSR, to include Managing Directors of RDF Industries involved in CSR and CSR beneficiaries as well as some of RDF joint staff with a sample size of sixty respondents. The key finding in this study is that most of the respondent acknowledged that RDF CSR plays a noticeable role in the economic development of Rwanda, especially in the field of infrastructure development. In Rwanda, the contribution of MCSR cannot be underestimated since the country has a history of conflict and the military has played a key role in ensuring peace and security. Even if it is obvious that military Corporate Social Responsibility plays a part in the promotion of the growth of a country, this field of research continues to be intriguing and desirable. The ultimate goal of this line of inquiry is to seek out ways to continuously improve the contribution of the military to the development of a country. In spite of this, relatively few efforts have been undertaken to investigate the current function of the armed forces in the context of Corporate Social Responsibility for the purpose of development in Rwanda. A case study research design was used for this thesis as it provides a good view of what the issue is really like. According to the findings of the study, RDF businesses participate in various Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives in their day-to-day operations. Though the extent to which these businesses contribute to Rwanda’s economic development is not yet established, there is already a recognizable contribution to Rwanda's current economic development, and they also have the potential to make a contribution to Rwanda's economic development in the context of Rwanda vision 2050.
Information Security Threats to E-government Services in Kenya
(NDU-K, 2023) Otieno Godfred O
This study examined the information security threats to e-government services commonly known as the e-citizen services in Kenya. Globally, governments are increasingly losing control and sovereignty over the cyberspace to other states, non-state and individual actors competing for various forms of power with varying intentions. This is due to increased interconnected and interdependency on integrated internet service enabled digital communication infrastructures. The specific objectives were types of public services, types of information security threats and identification of security measures required to protect safety, access, integrity, confidence and privacy of efficient and effective e-government services. The study used descriptive research design adopting mixed method cross sectional survey. The target population was 12000 respondents from 51 Huduma Centres countrywide. Purposive sampling at 10% was chosen where 1200 questionnaires were issued which returned 966 responses at 80%. The study applied both quantitative and qualitative analysis using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) data processing software. Hypothesis testing at 5% significance level. The research findings are presented in tables, figures, graphs and descriptive statistics. The study found that Kenyan citizens were the majority users at 50%, Kenyan registered Companies at 35%, Foreign Agencies 10% and Foreign Citizen individuals at 5%. The services sought; Government to (G2C) 43%, Government to Business (G2B) 35%, Government to employees (G2E) 20% and Government to Government (G2G) 2%. The hypothesis test for the quality of services, Chi2 –Test = x2 , df 3 (n-1) = ∑ (Oi - Ei)2 / Ei = 10.83 > 9.35 at 5% significantly greater. The study identified 13 categories of cyber security threats i.e unauthorized access, illegal devices, unauthorized codes, false publications, computer frauds, cyber espionage, terrorism and squatting, phishing, identity thefts, electronic interceptions, fraudulent electronic data, employee aiding, child pornography and others. The hypothesis test for information security threats, Chi2 –Test = x2 , df 11 (n-1) = ∑ (Oi - Ei)2 / Ei = 20.47 > 19.68 at 5% significantly greater. The study further identified 10 categories of security measures i.e Legislations, institutional policies, capacity development training, backups, physical access, professional certification, frequent ICT audits, firewalls and management security reviews. The hypothesis test for the preventive measures, Chi2 –Test = x2 , df 9 (n-1) = ∑ (Oi - Ei)2 / Ei = 18.39 > 16.92 at 5% significantly greater. The study recommends strongly development of home country made technologies and critical infrastructure, international cyber security collaboration, frequent infrastructure security audits, monitoring and upgrades, employee and user capacity training and institutional critical equipment and infrastructure reviews and restructuring of national security organs to create cyber space capabilities to guarantee preventive, defensive and offensive capabilities in tandem to the evolving global information security threats and increasing geopolitical competition and rivalries.
The Role of Kenya Defence Force as an Element of National Power in The Achievement of Vision 2030
(NDU-K, 2023) Kiraguri Alex N
The implementation of Kenya vision 2030 is ongoing having been launched on 10 June 2008. In Kenya’s Vision 2030, KDF has a role as an enabler of development projects within the nation. For example, the defence forces can have adequate resources and manpower to effectively meet developmental expectations or goals. The study's main goal was to examine the role of the military as a source of national strength in achieving Vision 2030, the nation's economic and social blueprint. The research's particular objectives included laying out the tenets of Kenya's Vision 2030 as the engine for the country's development and prosperity, looking at the KDF's functions as an enabler of the vision 2030, and weighing the advantages and disadvantages of its application to Kenya's Vision 2030. System theory and Expectancy theory served as the foundation for this investigation. The study applied an exploratory research design and was conducted in Nairobi City County and its surrounding areas where KDF are extensively engaged in the creation as well as implementation of various projects related to Vision 2030. The targeted population comprised of a total of 188 government officials in 8 ministries where KDF is involved in implementation of various Vision 2030 projects. A total of 84 respondents were chosen for the study's sample using a purposive sampling method. Questionnaires and interview guides were the primary data collection tools used to gather primary data. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were examined in a pilot study. Both descriptive statics and content analysis were used to examine the data that had been acquired. The results of the analysis were presented in tabular and graphical form together with pertinent justifications and debates. The study discovered that Kenya's progress and prosperity are greatly aided by the Pillars of Vision 2030. The three pillars of Vision 2030—the economic, social, and political pillars—play a crucial strategic role in achieving the growth and prosperity of the nation. It was discovered that the military had a significant hand in securing important infrastructure projects within Kenya and across international boundaries. Findings from the study indicate that fulfilling the Vision 2030 objective depends heavily on the KDF component of national power. The research recommended that the government should fund KDF to carry out national development projects and restructure the current KDF organization to ensure that a Command is fully dedicated for the nation's social economic development programs. Additionally, more KDF employees need to be hired to work in the Command both skilled and unskilled, leading to creation of youth employment opportunities. In terms of policy, the research suggests creating a framework to direct how the KDF should operate in terms of national development.
Influence of Climate Change on Human Security in Tsavo Conservation Area, Kenya
(NDU-K, 2023) Wamboi Jane F
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of climate change on human security in the Tsavo Conservation Area in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to analyze the climate change profile in the Tsavo conservation area, to investigate the human security concerns in in Tsavo conservation area, and to determine the link between the climate change profile and the human security in the Tsavo Conservation Area. The study was anchored on human security theory and social security theory. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, including both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods. The sample for the study included 3 staff from the Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife, 4 staff from the Kenya Wildlife Service (Headquarters), 4 staff from the Kenya Wildlife Service in TCA, 6 staff from the Kenya Wildlife Research and Training Institute, 9 opinion leaders from the community and 384 Community Members living adjacent to TCA. The study applied questionnaires, interview schedules, and focused group discussions. Before actual data collection pilot tests were conducted to ascertain reliability and validity aspects. Data collection involved both administration of google-survey questionnaire using a computerized data kit as well as face-to-face interviews and group discussions. Data that was collected was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Findings were presented in tables, pie charts, bar-graphs, and narratives. The study received a 100% response rate. The study found that the Tsavo climate profile was characterized by declining rainfall, rise in temperatures, changes in weather patterns that were hard to predict, and draught. The study revealed that there were multiple human security concerns in the Tsavo conservancy area including food shortage, water shortage and poor quality of water, displacement, and migration, declining economic opportunities, changes in biodiversity and ecosystems, and changes in cultural activities. Lastly, the study revealed that climatic changes had influenced human security profoundly where climatic changes had resulted in food problems, poor quality of drinking water, increase in conflicts and personal security concerns, deteriorations in the health of residents, and decline of economic opportunities. The study concluded that climate change had influenced human security to a great extent. The study recommended strengthening of education and awareness platforms on climate change, application of sustainable practices in food production, collaboration with both local and international community to leverage adaptation and mitigation mechanisms which include, diversification of livelihoods, water harvesting, and plans on how to handle displacements.
The Effectiveness of Separation Strategy in Countering and Preventing Violent Extremism in Kenyan Prisons
(NDU-K, 2023) Kirii Jane W
This study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of separation as a mechanism of countering and preventing violent extremism in Kenya prisons. The study was anchored on the following objectives; evaluating the normative and institutional frameworks for management of violent extremism offenders in the Kenyan prisons, reviewing the various methods used to combat and prevent violent extremism in Kenyan Prisons and determining the challenges and opportunities inherent de-radicalization and counterterrorism strategies in Kenya prisons. This study was guided by the Restorative justice theory, Retributive justice theory and the transformative justice theory.. The study applied descriptive research design. This study used purposive and simple random sampling techniques to select 200 respondents who included; prison staff (senior staff), religious leaders (Sheikhs), and criminal justice lawyers, Office of the ODPP, prosecutors and inmates.. Primary data was collected using questionnaires and key informants interview schedules. Secondary data was collected from published articles, journals, books, dissertations and projects. Quantitative data was coded and entered into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 22 for analysis while qualitative data was arranged thematically and presented through narration. The study findings established that; there exist weaknesses in law regarding management of violent extremist in Kenya particularly leniency relating to the justice served. On the strategies utilized for the management of violent extremist, incarceration is perceived as a fairly effective strategy while military incursion is regarded as a very effective strategy. Radicalization can be positive if it does not encourage violence or harm. Prison authorities have adopted various approaches to manage violent extremism which include; faith-based interventions which entail religious transformation offered by professional Clerics; separation of convicted inmates in different prison blocks and cells; education and vocational training to illiterate and marginalized offenders to acquire skills which can avail them employment opportunities, psychological and cognitive approaches as well as use of recreational and cultural activities. These strategies are geared towards dissuading violent extremism offenders from extremism as well as deradicalize them. The study findings identified the challenges which confront the successful implementation of deradicalization and prevention of violent extremism in Kenyan Prisons as well as opportunities. They include; institutional challenges, recidivism or relapse among the Prisoners; reintegration challenges; structural challenges evidenced by unemployment among the released terrorist convicts; regulatory discontinuities, Gang related problems among others. In this regard the study recommends for a coordinated multiagency cooperation in the management of violent extremists suspects or prisoners. There is also need for drafting and legislation of a policy framework for the management of violent extremism in rehabilitation facilities in the country.
Role of Land Connectivity in Transformation of Nepal From Land Locked to Land Linked Country
(NDU-K, 2023) Karki Dhruba K
Landlocked nations, grappling with the absence of direct sea access, face substantial challenges in trade, transportation, and socioeconomic development, disproportionately affecting emerging and less developed countries. Despite these hurdles, numerous international agreements have been put in place to safeguard the rights of landlocked nations and ensure the freedom of transit, all while they contend with inherent and external limitations to enhance their connectivity. In Nepal's case, the role of land connectivity is paramount as the country transitions from a landlocked nation to a land-linked one, fostering economic growth and regional connections. Nestled between the economic powerhouses of India and China, Nepal's unique geographical position positions it as a vital transit route to South Asian markets and beyond, with this transformation depending on three core factors: the geopolitical environment, infrastructure development, and visionary leadership. Acknowledging the absence of a coherent foreign policy vision, Nepal must forge revised treaties and agreements with India and China, increase its engagement with regional and international organizations, and adopt a strategic approach to secure sea access through neighboring nations. Infrastructure development is of utmost importance, with a specific focus on road, rail, and port facilities to reduce trade costs and enhance connectivity. Effective leadership, capable of maintaining balanced relationships with neighboring countries, is indispensable to drive this transformation. Nepal's path forward entails a comprehensive roadmap, prioritizing diplomatic relations, equitable trade agreements, public-private partnerships for infrastructure, strategic transportation development, reinforced border security, and the cultivation of political stability. Through these initiatives, Nepal can aspire to unlock its potential as a land-linked nation, reducing trade lead times and ensuring enhanced food security.
The Effects of Tuberculosis on Youth Productivity in Promoting National Development in Kenya
(NDU-K, 2023) Dr. Caroline Asin
This study looked at the effects of Tuberculosis on youth productivity in promoting national development in Kenya. The study acknowledges that the youth in Kenya suffer the burden of Tuberculosis and consequently limited job opportunities. Empirical evidence for the study has been drawn from previous research, government reports and articles from various parts of the world. The study’s objectives were to investigate the effects of TB on youth productivity in promoting national development, evaluate the challenges faced in managing Tuberculosis as well as the current approaches being used to manage Tuberculosis in Kenya. The findings of this research paper were attained through cross-sectional study design. In this design, the challenges in the management of Tuberculosis amongst the youth and young adults in Kenya were investigated. The sample size was identified through the Krejicie and Morgan (1970) table which shows that when the population is over 1 million, then the sample size is 384. Further, Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) argues that sample sizes of 10 to 30 per cent are sufficient for data analysis. Therefore, this study used 15% of the sample size, which was 59 respondents. The rest, 10 respondents were caregivers, nurses and doctors from whom data was collected by use of a key informant guide. Two data collection enumerators were recruited through the TB centres and data was collected through administering digital questionnaires to the respondents. The collected data was uploaded in Kobo collect server and later exported to excel CSV file for cleaning. This was then later exported to SPSS for analysis. Descriptive statistics were generated by SPSS. The narratives were analyzed according to topics and themes. The data was presented in percentages, tables and narratives. The study found out that TB causes negative effects on the socioeconomic aspects of the youth. Some of the challenges faced in the management of TB in the youth in Kenya are poor access to health facilities, lack of income, HIV infections, substance abuse, poor housing, poverty and poor implementation of policies by the government. The study recommends awareness creation amongst the youth on the importance of adhering to TB medication and establishing sustainable partnerships with the government for implementation of policies on TB prevention and management. This study has therefore generated several recommendations. One of them is that the government should create more avenues and programs that engage the youth that are infected or affected with TB like the Kazi kwa vijana program which is specifically for the youth. The government can also introduce a program to facilitate all TB patients with finances for transport so that they do not fail to attend their clinic days. Currently, this support is only given to the MDR TB patients through donor funds yet even those patients with drug sensitive TB face several financial hardships. The study recommends awareness creation amongst the youth on the importance of adhering to TB medication and establishing sustainable partnerships with the government for implementation of policies on TB prevention and management.
Critical Infrastructure in Enhancing Economic Security of South-west Ernbangladesh: The Case of Padma Multi Purpose Bridge
(NDU-K, 2023) Ahmed Mesbah U
Development of critical infrastructures for national and human security are within the priority list of the governments throughout the world. Government of Bangladesh has recently constructed a strategic level critical infrastructure namely 6.15 kilometers long Padma Multipurpose Bridge, which has been operational since 26 June 2022. Prior to that, the population of South-Western Bangladesh had been suffering a lot due to communication and other associated difficulties. This research endeavours to discover the contribution of critical infrastructure in enhancing economic security in South-Western Bangladesh. For doing so, two social science theories namely Securitization Theory and Systems Theory are consulted to construct the theoretical framework. For this research, data is collected from both primary and secondary sources. Mainly qualitative analysis using descriptive method is carried out in order to bring out the findings. The definition of basic social security in South-Western Bangladesh is access to the infrastructure necessary to meet one's basic needs in terms of health, education, housing, social safety, and job stability. From that point of view, total seven components of economic security are portrayed in this report. These are income security, representation security, labour market security, employment security, job security, work security and skill reproduction security. Research findings show that, the present state of economic security of South-Western Bangladesh is of moderate standard. Again, the findings also indicate that, critical infrastructure has both direct and indirect relationship with the economic security of South-Western Bangladesh, like any other parts of the country, region and world. Furthermore, research also shows that, the key infrastructures especially Padma Multipurpose Bridge will have substantial positive impact on the agriculture, food, communication, service and development sectors in South-Western Bangladesh. Not only that, it will also have significant positive impact on the investment sector and functioning of the government machineries in South Western Bangladesh. As a whole it can be said that, the economic security of South-Western Bangladesh will significantly be enhanced with the development of critical infrastructures, especially PMB. As a whole, the research findings discover that, the economic security of South-Western Bangladesh will significantly be enhanced with the development of critical infrastructures, especially PMB. Additionally, the research also indicates that the Government of Bangladesh has taken the right decision by constructing the Padma Multipurpose Bridge. Therefore, GOB should take necessary measures in order to ensure complete security and protection of PMB round the clock. Ministry of Infrastructure and Communication should ensure proper maintenance of the bridge regularly in order to ensure that the bridge remains functional round the clock. Efforts should also be made by both the central and regional government offices to ensure rapid industrialization in South-Western Bangladesh.
Para-diplomacy and Security: An Examination Of the Influence of Border Counties on Kenya's Border Stability
(NDU-K, 2023) Ng’eno Gilbert K
This study delves into the realm of Para-Diplomacy and its implications for border security in Kenya, with a specific focus on the role of border counties in Kenya. Utilizing mixed-methods research, including qualitative interviews and quantitative data analysis, the investigation unravelled the underpinnings of border management mechanisms and the significant, yet undefined, role of border counties. The research revealed a gap in the institutional structure that does not explicitly define or harness the potential of counties in enhancing border security. Alongside this, the study explored Track One diplomacy - formal intergovernmental negotiations - and found it to be a positive contributor towards maintaining stability at Kenya's borders. The transformative power of Neofunctionalism theory was also investigated, demonstrating how diplomacy can be leveraged to resolve conflicts and foster regional integration. The study further suggests that Para-diplomacy - subnational regions' involvement in international affairs - could potentially bolster border security by harnessing the contribution of border counties towards regional integration. In conclusion, the research recommends the adoption of frameworks that promote collaboration between the central government and border counties. Such partnerships could enhance the effectiveness of border management mechanisms, thereby strengthening Kenya's border security. This study underscores the need for a paradigm shift in understanding and utilizing the potential of Para-diplomacy in border security management.
Financial Inclusion and Economic Security of East African Community States
(NDU-K, 2023) Kerage Peter M
Financial inclusion is a key pillar for financial deepening which a necessary condition for promoting national security and inclusive economic growth. Using panel data for the years 2012 to 2021, this paper explored the interplay between financial inclusion and economic security of East African Community (EAC) States. Three financial inclusion dimensions were considered, namely, usage, penetration, and availability dimensions. Furthermore, the researcher developed a composite financial inclusion index to assess the overall influence of financial inclusion components on economic security. Inflation rate, trade openness and population growth rate were incorporated in the models as control variables. Data was collected from the World Development Indicators (WDI) of the World Bank and the Financial Access Survey (FAS) of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Three countries (Rwanda, Uganda, and Kenya) were selected based on availability of consistent representative data. The study employed the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) as a data analysis model. The study established that availability dimension of financial inclusion, usage dimension of financial inclusion and composite dimension of financial inclusion significantly and positively impact economic security while penetration dimension of financial inclusion improves economic security but not significantly. Furthermore, the number of bank branches, ATMs, mobile money agent outlets, mobile money transactions, outstanding deposits and moderate inflation significantly foster economic security. Findings for mobile money accounts and bank deposit accounts weaken economic security. It is recommended that EAC governments must champion for financial inclusion in their quest to combat terrorism and other criminal activities that potentially arise from financial exclusion; increase the number of credit reference bureaus (CRBs) in subregion to deal with information asymmetry and establishment of a National Commission on Financial Inclusion under the National Treasury (NT) to synchronize financial inclusion-related laws, rules, programs, and initiatives
Engagement of the Youth Towards Promoting National Security In Kenya
(NDU-K, 2023) Chenani Rose V
The study sought to explain the extent of young people's contributions to national security. The research focused on understanding the various forms of youth participation in Kenya's national security endeavors. The general objective of this study is to evaluate the engagement of the youth toward promoting national security in Kenya. Specific objectives of the study are to evaluate the nature of youth engagements in contributing to national security, to examine the role of the youth on national security and analyze the challenges of not engaging the youths in national development activities in Kenya. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the impact that young individuals have on the overall state of Kenyan national security, the research aimed to evaluate the challenges and drawbacks associated with excluding young people from national development initiatives in Kenya. The Purposive research employed, also known as purposeful or selective sampling, is a non-probability sampling technique used in qualitative research. It involves intentionally selecting individuals, cases, or events that are most likely to provide rich and valuable information relevant to the research objectives. Interviews, surveys, and focus groups were conducted to gather data, which was then analyzed using statistical techniques and thematic analysis for comprehensive insights. By examining these aspects, this study provides valuable insights into the significance of youth involvement in ensuring robust national security. The study emphasizes the need to prioritize youth engagement in community development, social change, and national security. The challenges faced by young people in Kenya include limited access to resources, under representation in decision-making processes, and a lack of skills and capacity. To address these challenges, the study recommends providing access to information and resources, promoting youth participation in leadership positions, and offering mentoring and coaching. Implementing these strategies can create an environment that empowers youth and benefits both the youth and society as a whole. The study highlights the critical role that youth play in national security in Kenya and emphasizes the need for government and stakeholders to prioritize youth development and address the risks and challenges faced by young people. Investing in education, employment, and civic participation programs can enhance the resilience of young people and reduce their vulnerability to security risks. The study postulates that youth can contribute to national security through community-based initiatives aimed at preventing and countering violent extremism and advocating for policies that promote social justice and inclusion. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the importance of prioritizing youth engagement in promoting national security in Kenya. This can be achieved by implementing recommendations such as increasing youth representation in national security institutions, enhancing youth education and training, promoting youth entrepreneurship and innovation, creating partnerships with youth-led organizations, fostering positive ties between youths and law enforcement, promoting civic engagement and advocacy, and increasing access to information. It is crucial for the government and stakeholders to work together to develop and implement strategies and policies that empower and engage the youth in the country's development process to ensure long-term peace and stability.
Effect of Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons on Kenya’s National Security. A Case Study of West Pokot County.
(NDU-K, 2023) Nthiga Josphat N
Unchecked proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs) is a major threat to national, regional and international security. There are various causes for proliferation of illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons which include: diversion from national stockpiles of different countries as a result of civil wars, and circulated through arms trafficking to various parts of the world, those smuggled by arms manufacturers, illegal sale by security officers among others. Global, regional and national estimates of illicit arms outweigh the legal government arms held by the military and law enforcement agencies hence this explains insecurity in various parts of the world. In Kenya as a result of neighborhood with countries that experience internal political turmoil, proliferation of illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons has been very rampant. Pastoralist communities in the Arid and Semi-Arid areas of Northern Kenya are the most affected and this has resulted to perennial insecurity in that region with resultant underdevelopment and national insecurity. This study was therefore undertaken to determine the effect of proliferation of illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons on Kenya’s national security in order to come up with policy recommendations that can be adopted to arrest the situation. The research was undertaken in four Sub Counties of West Pokot County that are most inflicted with illicit SALWs insecurity. Data was collected through interviews and questionnaires using sample sizes of thirty and one hundred and ten respondents respectively. A pragmatic research design was adopted with triangulation approach applied in data collection, presentation, and analysis. The study considered two theories; Social Identity Theory and Rational Choice Theory to establish the drivers of proliferation of illicit SALWs amongst civilians in spite of the government providing security to its citizens. The objectives of the study were; to examine the impact of proliferation of illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs) on Kenya’s National Security, to assess the effects of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) instruments on illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons’ proliferation control on National Security in West Pokot County, and to find out the security measures to counter illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons proliferation that have been adopted to enhance National Security in West Pokot County. From the research findings, it was established that proliferation of illicit SALWs had adversely affected national security. Alternative Dispute Resolution instruments applied by various stakeholders were found to have significantly contributed to alleviation of this national vice. However, the efforts undertaken by national security organs in alleviating proliferation through law enforcement approaches were reported to have been ineffective, though those that applied participatory soft enforcement strategies had some levels of success. Both the law enforcement, and Alternative Dispute Resolution approaches were hindered by constraints that if addressed could boost the fight against illicit SALWs proliferation in Kenya. Various policies were recommended to reduce proliferation of illicit SALWs in West Pokot County and these were; sustained security operations, supporting ADR efforts, strategic deployment of formed up police units accompanied by modern technological advancements, uniform implementation of government security directives, infrastructural developments, and regional cooperation.
Strategising the Use of Drones in Modern Aerial Warfare For Indian Sub-continent
(NDU-K, 2023) Gupta Vijay K
Drones have rapidly created a space for themselves in modern aerial warfare in the recent past. In the 21st Century Wars, they have been found to play key roles in creating favourable situations for the victors. They have evolved from under the shadow of manned aircraft and are extremely useful in modern aerial warfare. Many countries have timely invested in this technology and are reaping benefits. These countries include the pioneers of this technology such as Israel and the United States followed by Turkey, China, and Iran among others. Drones are being used in multiple roles by these countries that include ISR, BDA, and Air to Surface attacks. Drones have a lot of scope in the future as they will be used in roles of loyal wingmen, drone swarms, and even the delivery of WMDs. India is an emerging superpower in the South Asia region with the second-largest standing Army, the fifth-largest air force in the world, and an expanding Navy. It is surrounded by hostile neighbours and it needs to ensure that its strong military retains the technological edge. It needs to ensure that in the field of drones, it is at par if not ahead of its neighbours. This research aimed to strategise the use of drones in modern aerial warfare for Indian Subcontinent keeping the threat assessment in mind. Using the Theory of Realism, the study followed a mix of a quantitative and qualitative approach to assess the laid down objectives that included the study of the global evolution of drones, assessment of the roles and tasks that can be performed by drones in modern aerial warfare and analysis of effective employment of drones in various types of military campaigns keeping India at centre stage. The study found that drones have not been adopted doctrinally well, in the Air Power doctrine of IAF, to give the required emphasis on their usage and proper procurement and India lacks the strategic environment for research, development and domestic production of drones for aerial warfare. The study recommended that the Indian Air Force needs to doctrinally adopt drones in various roles for aerial warfare, lay down the specifications and requirements of drones for their procurement and development, and India must create an environment for the indigenous development of these war machines.
Impact of Regionalism on the National Security of East Africa Community Member States: A Case Study of Kenya
(NDU-K, 2023) Mitoko Collins O
The primary goal of the study is to determine how regionalism affects the sense of national security among members of the East Africa Community by using a case study of Kenya. Three specific goals of the study included ascertaining the impact of regionalism on the national security of the East African community member states, the benefits and challenges of regionalism for Kenya and determining the socioeconomic repercussions of regionalism on the country's national security as well as its effects on other members of the East African Community. Hegemonic Conflict and Change, a theory developed by Robert Gilpin, served as the study's theoretical foundation. Investigative study was conducted using a technique called exploratory research. Senior military officers from the Kenyan Defense Forces, senior staff from Kenya's Ministry of East African and Regional Development, representatives from the embassies of Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and South Sudan were among the target population. The data was gathered using both surveys and interviews. The data analysis methodology employed both quantitative and qualitative data analysis methodologies. The analysis's outcomes were represented graphically using pie charts, bar graphs, and statistics graphs. The results show that respondents think regionalism has rekindled earlier East African Community (EAC) cooperation. National security and EAC regionalism had a favorable and important relationship. National security benefited greatly and significantly from regionalism's socioeconomic implications. In the past, there was a stronger and more significant association between the socioeconomic effects of regionalism and Kenya's regression coefficient. For Kenya, there is a positive and significant correlation between national security and the benefits and challenges of regionalism. The study's findings demonstrate that the long-standing cooperation between the EAC and regionalism has been rekindled. It demonstrates that in order to safeguard regional national security, Kenya and the other EAC member states must expedite the pace of socioeconomic development in each of their individual countries. According to the study's findings, Kenya should continue emphasizing the potential advantages of regionalism as a foundation for leveraging the national security of its people. The report encouraged the EAC's member nations to consistently support it financially and by putting in place the required processes in order to sustain regional peace and security. The study came to the conclusion that additional work should be done in this area since the socio-economic requirements of the EAC region serve as a road-map for addressing the region's security challenges. The study suggests that Kenya should take advantage of its tremendous economic influence as a developing member of the EAC in order to boost benefits for both its people's national security and the welfare of the entire population.
Influence of Multi-agency Cooperation on Kenya’s National Security, 2002-2022
(NDU-K, 2023) Boit Christopher T
Changing societal, economic, and political times continue to herald new realities to the national safety and security of nations. To address the security challenges and threats that emerge there because, nations have had to adopt contemporary perspectives. One of the most common and fruitful of these perspectives - in the Kenyan national security setup, is that of multi-agency cooperation (MAC). However, the country lacks a unitary regulatory framework to guide the operationalization of such cooperative undertakings. This descriptive and cross-sectional inquiry examined the collaboration of multiple agencies in the management of national security concerns within Kenya, as well as the enabling tools and approaches thereto. The study sought the input of 111 high-level participants drawn from the National Security Organizations (NSOs) within Kenya through the snowballing sampling procedure. From their feedback, the study established that MAC in Kenya is determined by a host of factors including: trends in crime and criminology; resource constraints amongst agencies; and the sheer number of operators within the national security sector. The study also established that existing gaps in training and capability of each agency/service, the variations in institutional realities and expertise, and the existence of political goodwill also support MAC in Kenya’s national security environment. Data from the study indicates that MAC in Kenya is characterized by the sharing of information/intelligence, attempts at capacity building, and greater pursuit of resource sharing amongst line agencies. Similarly, multi-agency cooperation in Kenya is also characterized by the coordination of interventions and collaborative operations. During the study, it also emerged that MAC in Kenya is structured at the cabinet level, but also often takes the peer-to-peer collaboration approach. Other formats of MAC include the in-group approach, and the outsider-insider approach. Finally, the research confirmed the presence of specific legal, policy, and institutional frameworks that guide and enable MAC within Kenya. At its conclusion, the study proposes the adoption of the BOIT model, an approach to multi-agency cooperation that involves blending outsider insights and techniques, as a way of enhancing operational effectiveness and outcomes. In particular, the study lobbies for the establishment of a Multi-Agency Steering Authority (MASC) as the core driver of the BOIT model. The proposed committee would be domiciled under the NSC. Keywords: Multi-Agency Cooperation (MAC), National Security, Violent Extremism, Collaborative Framework, Deterrent Measures, Counter-Terrorism, National Security Organizations (NSOs), Multi Agency Steering Committee (MASC).
Para-diplomacy and Security: An Examination of the Influence of Border Counties on Kenya's Border Stability
(NDU-K, 2023) Ng’eno Gilbert K
This study delves into the realm of Para-Diplomacy and its implications for border security in Kenya, with a specific focus on the role of border counties in Kenya. Utilizing mixed-methods research, including qualitative interviews and quantitative data analysis, the investigation unravelled the underpinnings of border management mechanisms and the significant, yet undefined, role of border counties. The research revealed a gap in the institutional structure that does not explicitly define or harness the potential of counties in enhancing border security. Alongside this, the study explored Track One diplomacy - formal intergovernmental negotiations - and found it to be a positive contributor towards maintaining stability at Kenya's borders. The transformative power of Neofunctionalism theory was also investigated, demonstrating how diplomacy can be leveraged to resolve conflicts and foster regional integration. The study further suggests that Para-diplomacy - subnational regions' involvement in international affairs - could potentially bolster border security by harnessing the contribution of border counties towards regional integration. In conclusion, the research recommends the adoption of frameworks that promote collaboration between the central government and border counties. Such partnerships could enhance the effectiveness of border management mechanisms, thereby strengthening Kenya's border security. This study underscores the need for a paradigm shift in understanding and utilizing the potential of Para-diplomacy in border security management.
Evaluation of the Role of Science and Technology in Countering Violent Extremism: A Case Study of Kenya Defence Forces in Boni Forest Lamu County, Kenya
(NDU-K, 2023) Mutua Joseph K
This study aimed to assess how science and technology contribute to coordinating multi-agency operations within Lamu County, focusing on the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) as a case study. The study specifically examined "Operation Linda Boni" (Protect Boni) and its effectiveness in addressing the persistent insecurity challenges in Lamu County, particularly in the Boni forest. Despite government investments in this operation, there has been a lack of research on the role of science and technology in dealing with the complex operating environment of the forest. The study applied institutionalization theory and Contemporary Deterrence Theory to explain how the development of formal structures within organizations can enhance their capabilities. It hypothesized that traditional military strategies were inadequate for countering the threat from the Boni forest and that new technology was necessary. A mixed methods approach combined secondary data from various sources with primary data obtained through field interviews with practitioners and experts. Both statistical and non-empirical methods were used for data analysis. The research findings suggested that the Boni forest's challenging terrain and the active presence of Al-Shabaab radicals required specialized teams equipped with modern technology for effective operations. The study also highlighted the difficulties posed by porous borders with multiple transit points, which created challenges for multi-agency teams. It recommended further research into the role of communities living along the Kenya-Somali border and the deployment of specialized teams with modern surveillance equipment for night operations in the forest terrain. Additionally, the study recommended developing a national counter-improvised explosive devices strategy to address the threat of improvised explosive devices comprehensively.
Third Party Data Sharing and Tax Compliance for Economic Security in Kenya
(NDU-K, 2023) Ndirangu Naomi W
Third-party data sharing involves the exchange of data between entities that are not directly involved in a transaction or relationship. In the context of tax compliance, it typically involves the sharing of information by employers, financial institutions, and other entities with tax authorities. This paper reviewed the sharing of taxpayer specific information between Government agencies or Public Sector in Kenya, a concept that has emerged over the last few years with automation of the revenue services such as online registration and filing of tax declarations. This is due to the fact that, despite the recent focus towards strengthening sharing of information and information exchange, the area of impact of an integrated data approach towards revenue mobilization has largely remained un-noticed in public finance literature. This paper provides an overview of information sharing, through third party data sharing to enhance tax compliance. This was achieved through review of practical concepts and issues on third party data sharing, theorizing on impact of information sharing and providing insights for enhanced tax compliance, increased revenue collection and ultimately enhanced revenue mobilization for the country. Relatedly, the paper also discusses how the systems used for automatic third party data sharing combined with data analytics can help improve compliance. The researcher selected participants for the study using purposive sampling based on specific criteria. The responses from the questionnaires were examined and analyzed to identify any connections or relationships among and between categories. The resulting data was then summarized and organized into a coherent whole to describe and interpret the findings related to the principal-agent relationship. One significant finding was that third party data sharing has a significant impact on tax compliance through provision, to tax authorities, of access to more information about taxpayers. Key recommendation is that there is need for enactment and legislation of laws and policies that promote inter-agency sharing of data as well as improvement of the data sharing frameworks in order to enhance tax compliance, and the country’s revenue collection and thereby improve the country’s economic security.

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