4. Electronic theses and dissertations

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Assessing the Effectiveness of Savings and Credit Programs on Personnel Welfare in the Kenya Defence Forces
(NDU-K, 2024) Kemei Nehemia
This study delves into a critical issue concerning the efficacy of defence savings and credit programs in bolstering the welfare of Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) personnel. In a landscape where financial security plays a pivotal role in the overall well-being of military members, understanding the nuances of these programs becomes imperative. The study was guided by the following research objectives; to evaluate the existing institutional framework in developing savings and credit programs and its impact on the financial stability and welfare of personnel, to assess the inherent challenges faced by the defence savings and credit programs and their impact on job satisfaction, morale, and welfare of members and lastly to identify opportunities and prospects for improving savings and credit programs to better align with the financial welfare needs of personnel and enhance their overall satisfaction and morale. To systematically address these objectives, a descriptive survey research design was adopted. This design is valuable for understanding the current state or prevalence of certain variables within a population. This approach, therefore, was chosen for its aptitude in capturing insights into personnel perceptions and experiences. By leveraging structured questionnaires as the primary data collection tool, the study aimed to elicit comprehensive feedback from Sacco members serving in the KDF. These questionnaires were designed to probe into key aspects of defence savings and credit programs, including institutional set up, core challenges, and overall proposals to improve effectiveness. In this case, simple random sampling was employed, with 110 members selected from Sacco members in Nairobi. This methodological choice was determined using the probability sampling designs, aimed to provide each member an equal chance of participation, thus enhancing the representativeness of the sample. Utilizing computer software such as SPSS, the study scrutinized the respondents to extract meaningful insights. The study reveals several key findings regarding the Defence savings and credit programs. Inadequate financial literacy emerged as the most significant challenge, affecting 43.2% of participants, highlighting the urgent need for enhanced financial education. Deployment and accessibility issues, credit risk, and the high transition rate of members also emerged as notable challenges. These factors contribute to decreased job satisfaction (42.1%), lowered morale (36.8%), and a negative impact on welfare (31.6%). To address these issues, there is strong support for improving financial literacy programs (68.4%), diversifying savings and credit products (60.0%), and increasing collaboration with external institutions (55.8%) and personalized financial counseling (57.9%). Despite the generally affordable and competitive financial products available (86.3%), there are areas for improvement in communication (72.6%) and ensuring fair returns on investments, which could enhance overall personnel satisfaction and financial stability. To improve the effectiveness of defense savings and credit programs, the following recommendations are made: enhance financial literacy through workshops and counseling, diversify savings and credit products to meet varied needs, collaborate with external financial institutions for additional resources, improve communication about available services, and ensure competitive returns on investments to boost personnel morale and satisfaction.
Assessing the Effectiveness of State-level Forestry Policy on Forest Development in Kenya
(NDU-K, 2023) Abuto George O
An effective implementation of Forestry Policies is critical for ensuring attainment of strategic forest goals for the sustainable socioeconomic development of the Country. Primarily, the provisioning and regulative roles of Forest ecosystems are vital for the resilience of the global productive and industrial sectors of socioeconomic growth and development. This study focused on assessing the effectiveness of Kenya’s forestry policies on forest development with the aim of proffering policy interventions to reverse the prevailing loss of vital roles of forests emerging from the increased rate of deforestation. The scoping of the study assessed factors influencing state-level forestry policy on forest development; undertook analysis of critical components of effective implementation of forest policies; and as well, evaluated the impact of the Forestry legal and policy frameworks vital for forestry development and socioeconomic growth in Kenya. The primary and secondary data collection methodology was based on qualitative and quantitative techniques based on stratified sampling survey and analysis. The interpretative aspect of the results was grounded on the conceptual framework developed on the basis of David Easton's system theory and Lindblom’s theory of incrementalism. The conceptual framework further borrowed on the concepts in Sadler's Policy Effectiveness Triangle revised by Baker and McClelland (2003) and the Integrated Policy Implementation Model developed by Winther and Nielson (2008). The study findings established that the implementation of Kenya's Forest Conservation and Management Act 2016, the Draft Forest Policy 2014 revised in 2020 and the third version of Forest Strategic Plan 2018-2022 are moderately relevant and moderately effective in spearheading the global, regional and national goals on sustainable forest management and development. However, adjustment of the level of effectiveness of the underlined policy was found necessary thus the following administrative and policy recommendations were proffered; review of the Policy to enhance global and Regional integration and cooperation on topical forestry matters; enhancing linkages and partnerships, particularly on the inter-organization participation in Forestry; revitalizing training and competency development policy to customize distributive fairness and equal opportunity informed by clear training needs inventory; customizing stakeholders' collaborative planning and resource mobilization with a common funding system; establishing Resource Mobilization and Distribution scheme that calibrates fair distributive systems of implementation resources across forest Regions; and enhancing Public-Private partnership in forestry investment and consideration for Tax rebates to prop growth of Wood and Non-Wood Based Forest enterprises, ostensibly in the redistribution of equal socioeconomic growth and national development in forestry across the Country.
Bilateral Labour Agreements and Human Rights Protection of Kenya Migrant Workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council
(NDU-K, 2024) Njoka Neema M M R
In recent years, the global Labour market has seen a substantial increase in the movement of migrant workers, driven by factors such as economic disparities, demographic shifts, and Labour shortages in various industries. However, despite the existence of the bilateral Labour agreement, the migration process exposes workers to various human rights abuses, including Labour exploitation, discrimination, and lack of access to social protections. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the existing bilateral Labour agreements and their effectiveness in protecting the human rights of Kenyan Labour migrants in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries. Specific objectives included examining the existing Bilateral Labour Agreements, policies and regulations between Kenya and GCC countries, exploring the push and pull factors that make Kenyan workers travel to the GCC Countries despite the challenges faced, to establish the reasons for human rights abuses on Kenyan migrant workers in Gulf Cooperation Council and to determine the mechanisms through which existing Bilateral Labour Agreements can best serve interests of and safeguard Human rights of Kenyan Workers in GCC Countries. This study is based on Ravenstein’s Theory of Migration (RTM) and Interest Theory of Human Rights. This study used qualitative research, emphasizing understanding and interpreting complex social phenomena. This study adopted a research design based on primary data collection method and secondary data analysis to explore the connection between Bilateral Labour Agreements and the protection of human rights for Kenyan migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Primary data collection involved conventional methods, such as interviews with guides to former migrant workers at GCC and Kenyan government officials in relevant ministries/agencies concerned with migrant workers at GCC—secondary data analysis involved collecting and examining pre-existing data from diverse sources. The study also relied on established secondary data sources, including government reports, international media, academic research, and organizations. The collected data was subjected to content analysis to reveal essential themes and qualitative insights. The study reveals that many GCC countries lack comprehensive legal frameworks to protect migrant workers' rights, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. Existing Labour laws are often poorly enforced, and domestic workers are mostly excluded from Labour law protections. The study recommends renewing Bilateral Labour Agreements (BLAs) between Kenya and GCC countries, raising awareness about workers' rights, establishing a Task Force Committee, adopting Asian Labour governance strategies, and establishing a robust migrant database for policymaking.
Bioterrorism Threat and Its Implications on National Security In Kenya
(NDU-K, 2024) Mutai Julius K
Bioterrorism presents a substantial global threat to national security, with potentially catastrophic outcomes. The primary aim of this research was to evaluate Kenya's preparedness to tackle bioterrorism. The study specifically sought to grasp the nature of bioterrorism as a threat to Kenya's national security, assess the legal and policy framework addressing bioterrorism, and gauge Kenya's readiness to confront such threats. Employing a mixed-methods approach, questionnaires were administered to various stakeholders, encompassing policymakers, security professionals, healthcare experts, and the general public. Furthermore, in-depth interviews and document analysis were conducted to gain comprehensive insights into the research objectives. The results unveil a nuanced understanding of bioterrorism as a multifaceted hazard to Kenya's national security. While existing legal and policy structures demonstrate dedication, gaps in execution and enforcement impede their efficacy. Kenya's preparedness levels fluctuate among stakeholders, with some expressing confidence in current measures, while others highlight deficiencies in technological capabilities and resource distribution. Notably, a significant proportion of respondents at 59 % are in agreement that global advancements in technology have heightened the risks and magnitude of bioterrorism. In summary, Kenya's endeavors to combat bioterrorism encompass legislative, policy, and operational measures. Nevertheless, enhanced coordination, capacity-building, and resource allocation are imperative to effectively address identified shortcomings. The study underscores the significance of proactive measures and holistic strategies in fortifying national security resilience against bioterrorism threats. Drawing from the findings, the study proposes several recommendations including; Strengthening collaboration and coordination among relevant stakeholders; Investing in technological infrastructure and capacity building endeavors to enhance surveillance and detection; Regular assessments and revisions of existing legal and policy frameworks are also advised to ensure their pertinence and efficacy in addressing evolving bioterrorism threats. Further research is warranted to explore the socio economic ramifications of bioterrorism incidents in Kenya and devise strategies to mitigate their impact. Assessing public awareness and perception of bioterrorism risks to inform targeted communication and educational campaigns is indispensable. Additionally, studying international best practices and drawing lessons from other nations' experiences in countering bioterrorism would be advantageous for policy and strategy development in Kenya.
Business Intelligence and Tax Compliance in Kenya
(NDU-K, 2024) Gichuki Michael M
The integration of Business Intelligence (BI) is the main emphasis of this research project, which explores the crucial areas of tax compliance in Kenya because BI aids in informing and improving business entities decision making. The background of this project is defined by Kenya's dynamic economy and the crucial function that taxes play in fostering national advancement. As Kenya works to increase tax compliance, the study aims to provide insights into potential problems and opportunities connected to the adoption of BI in tax administration. This study's primary objective is to investigate the role of business intelligence in improving tax compliance in Kenya. To achieve this, a mixed-approaches research strategy that blends qualitative and quantitative research methods was used. This methodological decision offers a thorough understanding of the study issue by capturing both the complexity of stakeholders' points of view and the statistical patterns within the data. The Kenya Revenue Authority “(KRA) officials and staff who are in charge of tax collection, enforcement, and policy development provided data for this project. Structured questionnaire and interview guide were the key methods for acquiring data. The full investigation of the research objectives was ensured by this multimodal approach, which also captures the intricate dynamics of tax compliance and financial security. The quantitative data obtained through structured surveys was statistically analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics to determine how successfully BI technologies have boosted compliance. From the findings, it was clear that BI is a major determinant of tax compliance whereby it was observed that a change of BI by one unit increased tax compliance by 39 percent. On descriptive statistics, 54.5 percent believed that there was a positive relationship between Business Intelligence and tax compliance. In addition, data quality and accuracy was ranked as the most influential tool in improving the effectiveness of BI. Other significant factors were staff training on BI, Support from Top Management and security of the BI infrastructure. It was also evident from the analysis that for BI to be effective it must be integrated with other existing systems. Additionally, this study attempted to offer fact-based recommendations to Kenyan Policymakers and tax officials. The data analysis for the thesis offered beneficial recommendations for using BI to improve financial security and tax compliance. These recommendations were supported by the findings of empirical research and would help tax administration decision-makers make informed decisions. Finally, this research contributed to the greater conversation on effective tax administration and economic development in Kenya.
Cattle Rustling and Security Situation in Marsabit Central Sub County
(NDU-K, 2023) Khula Col Boru N
The study was to establish why there is persisted cattle rustling in Marsabit Central Sub County, what is the effect of cattle rustling on the security situation in Marsabit Central Sub- County and what are the nexus between policy practices and security as lasting solutions to cattle rustling in Marsabit Central Sub County. The study used Social Contract Theory and targeted the county government departments and county national government agencies, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, residents (community members), and politicians. These included the County Government Staff, politicians, local residents, National security personnel, community leaders and County Administration staff. The others included Community-based peace activists, NGOs that operate in Marsabit sub-county and religious leaders were also interviewed. Purposive sampling was used to select the respondents and key informants deemed to be knowledgeable on the subject of study. Then snowball sampling was adopted on the initial respondents to get subsequent respondents. Additionally, the study used quota sampling was used to determine the number of respondents from the various locations and agencies. Convenient sampling was used when respondents withdrew from the study or were unable to continue with the interview for various reasons. The study used questionnaires and interview guides to collect data from the respondents. The study used descriptive analysis methods and narration to analyze the collected data. The study establishes Cattle rustling in Marsabit sub-county can be attributed to traditional practice, insecurity increased in abundancies of pasture and water, administrative zoning, ethno politics, increased poverty and poor job distribution by the county government, corruption by security agencies, heard of cattle rustling and were also familiar with cattle rustling. The effects of cattle rustling include ethnic intolerance, increased insecurity, ethnic balkanization, increase in small arms and light weapons (SALW), Increased poverty and low standards of education. The insecurity in the areas in among the worst in the country and therefore need to be addressed. Finally, there is need for better approaches to cattle rustling other than the traditional ones that included peace building and restoration, police officers deployment, disarmament, arrest and prosecution, intelligence gathering, stopping illegal arms and livestock trade, laws and policy framework, community policing and free and compulsory education, were used to deter rustling. These findings therefore, empathizes the need for proper evaluation of the nexus between Policy and Development. The study recommended that there is need for application of the theory of change and behavior needs to be explored for a turning point both in behavior and cultural way of life that will be able to explore other livelihood alternatives. The security forces from both Kenya and other bordering countries need to review their security approaches in tackling cattle rustling in the area. There is also need of tightening security loopholes that continue to be taken advantage of by the cattle rustling. There is also need for common and collective regional approach by security forces from Kenya and other bordering countries in dealing with cattle rustling in the region. Lastly, there is need for empathizes and proper evaluation of the nexus between Policy and Development in order to develop policies that stresses the need for economic development as a solution to cattle rustling. need for compulsory education, increased vocational training to develop various skills and alternative livelihood as solutions to cattle rustling in Marsabit Sub-County. There is also need for the development of transport and communication infrastructure that are key to enable citizens in accessing legitimate livestock markets.
Challenges to Climate Change Adaptation in Southern Africa Development Community (Sadc): A Case of Beef Industry in Botswana
(NDU-K, 2024) Oye Charles
Botswana is among the countries in Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) that is greatly affected by climate change. The impact of climate change on the beef industry is more pronounced given that it is one of the largest contributors to the economy of the country. This study aimed at examining the challenges to climate change adaptation in SADC: A case of beef industry in Botswana. Specifically, the study; examined the challenges of climate change adaptation in SADC, with a focus on Botswana beef industry; investigated the effects of climate change on Botswana Beef production and explored what were the interventions for Botswana to address the challenges of beef industry to satisfy the domestic and international markets. Policy change, technological intervention and funding were some of the interventions noted from the study. However, Botswana faces a number of challenges in implementation of adaptation measures to climate change in the beef sector, these include financial challenges making supporting some of the mitigation programs difficult, cultural issues to do with land ownership and system of grazing that tends to favour communal use of land as opposed to more modest methods like fencing to avoid land degradation. Policy and institutional issues that make implementation of mitigation measures a challenge as well as government logistical issues. The study will help SADC countries and policy makers establish policies aimed at accelerating climate change adaptations through addressing the challenges faced by Botswana Beef industry as a result of climate change. The study scope was limited to Botswana beef sector and looked at climate change, its effect on the sector and the challenges and opportunities for interventions. The qualitative survey method was employed for obtaining data for the study and this involved the use of questionnaires and interviews.
China's Influence on the Greater Horn of Africa Security Landscape: A Case of Kenya Between 2002 and 2022
(NDU-K, 2023) Mburu Col Victor N
China is lauded for the exponential growth it has achieved over the last four decades. For this reason, it gained the status of a global superpower and gradually it is emerging as a global security actor, a position long-held by the USA. For many years, it has been a bilateral partner to many African nations, particularly in trade and investment. China has an influence on the security landscape of the Greater Horn of Africa. This is a region of geostrategic importance, but it faces multiple security challenges that threaten its stability and that of the wider African continent. To determine whether China should take up greater security role of this region, this study undertook to establish the influence China has on the security landscape of this region. Generally, this research investigated China’s influence on the Greater Horn of Africa security landscape using the case study of Kenya from 2002 and 2022. Specifically, the study assessed: reasons for China’s interests in the Greater Horn of Africa security; China’s interests and their influence on the Kenya-China security relations from 2002-2022; and challenges and opportunities that exist for greater Kenya-China cooperation on security. The study was guided by Realism and Constructivism theories. A case study design was utilized and relevant data collected. Analysis was conducted on both the secondary and primary date from questionnaires and interview guide. It was established that China wants to play a bigger role in the security of the Greater Horn of Africa because of its interest in the region’s natural resources. These include the oil and gas resources. It was also determined that China wants to safeguard its present and prospective investments and trading engagements in the Greater Horn of Africa. China however is not seeking to exert dominance in the region but to establish a win-win situation with its partners in the region. The study also found out that China’s impact in the military and economic security of Kenya between 2000 and 2022 was significant. Several challenges were also identified from this relationship including persistent balance of trade deficit, adverse impact of Chinese goods on Kenya’s manufacturing sector, and the competition posed by Chinese SMEs against the Kenyan-owned SMEs. These can be overcome using systemic solutions. The study also established that China offers diverse opportunities that Kenya could exploit to enhance its military and economic security. These included opportunities for increased trade, technology transfer, greater security cooperation, and tourism. Overall, China’s influence on Kenya’s security landscape is vividly clear through the trading relations between the two nations, China FDI inflows in Kenya, supplies of Chinese military hardware, provision of training opportunities to Kenya’s military, and military exchanges between the two states.
Climate Change Resilience Strategies and Implications On National Security : A Case of Zambia
(NDU-K, 2024) Innocent Jere
This paper analyses strategies on climate change and their repercussions to the security of Zambia. Allying the polices noted in the above literature, the study aims at establishing the following: This study examines the available policies to understand how they have influenced the management of climate change related issues; especially with regard to food and water security and socio-economic stability. Consequently, the study adopted the following objectives: To assess the existing policies and strategies on climate change in Zambia, To assess the impact of existing policies/strategies on climate change mitigation and adaptation in Zambia and finally, To identify how to enhance the existing policies/strategies to reduce the effects of climate change impact on security in Zambia. The research used interview with some stakeholders and literature review as research instrument in considering climate change policies and adaptation measures in Zambia. Qualitative interviews were carried out with persons selected from the government, the policy-making institutions, universities, and civil society organizations with a view of understanding their attitudes and experiences as regards climate change policy and planning. On the part of background study, a critique of various academic articles, government reports and policy documents gave background information for analysis. The study identified different climate change policies and plans in Zambia that included matters relating to combating hunger through supporting sustainable agriculture, promotion of renewable energy, disaster risk management and sustainable natural resources management. Despite the understanding these policies brought, concerns continued regarding the ability to implement these policies, lack of funds associated with the same as well as socio-economic issues that surrounded the issue at hand. However, despite the measures in place to mitigate climate change, the effect on food and water insecurity and human security were still huge especially to communities in need. Based on this, the study pointed at the urgency of improving the measures against climate change in Zambia and the issue of policy effectiveness and execution. Despite the efforts made towards capacity development, however, there has been a strong need posed to enhance, innovate, and advance multi-stakeholder collaboration to address climate change effects. It is important for socio-economic status including poverty and inequalities to be given attention in order to achieve a level of fairness in resilience as the effort is being deployed across the communities. Accordingly, some of the propositions that the study suggested as measures to improve Zambian response to climate change include the following. Firstly, it can be also stated that there is a requirement for further development of cooperation between different levels of the state power, NGOs and businesses regarding effective climate change policies and measures. This encompasses creating partnership, resource exchange, and goal congruency in an effort to amplify the effects in the organization. Moreover, there is a need for higher spending on mitigation activities on climate change, especially to the vulnerable groups so as to strengthen the socio-economic systems that have been made vulnerable by climate impacts.
Climate Variability and Food Security in Gatumba Zone, Burundi
(NDU-K, 2024) Kabuhungu Jean B
Millions of people across the globe are facing hunger, thus the food security question dominates discussions in global forums today. The growing problem of food insecurity in many nations is attributed to climate variability as the major factor contributing to the declining performance of the agricultural sector in Africa and abroad. Climate variability is observed in the forms of variations in precipitation, temperature, wind patterns and other climate parameters. To establish the link between climate variability and food security, this study undertook to establish the effect of climate variability on food security in Burundi, with a specific focus on Gatumba Zone. The study assessed the effect of droughts on farm productivity in Gatumba Zone, the extent that floods affect agriculture in Gatumba Zone, and lastly, the climate variability coping strategies practiced by farmers to address food security challenges in Gatumba Zone. This study was justified because it can add to the limited research available on the implication of climate variability on food security in Gatumba Zone and to shed light on the challenges of unpredictable climatic conditions on the survival of people. This study was guided by Food Availability Decline theory and the Theory of Change and anchored on case study research design. Both primary and secondary data were utilized in this study. Questionnaires and interviews with key informants were used to collect primary data, while secondary sources included government publications, reports, scholarly articles, newspaper, books, and web links. It was determined that the impact of climate variability on food security is significant. The data collected revealed that farm productivity is affected by droughts. This research found that the drought spells in this region were frequent and had significant effects on farmers’ planting decisions, thereby affecting the area’s overall farm productivity. It was determined that at the onset of a dry spell, some farmers opt out of planting entirely, while others reduce their planned planting acreage because of the fear of low production. The study established that recurring floods were the major problem in Gatumba Zone as reported by a majority of the respondents. The floods were found to affect the performance of the agriculture sector in this region because they destroyed crops and farms and also occasioned the displacement of farmers, which interrupts their farming activities. It was also determined that farmers in Gatumba Zone undertook diverse strategies to enhance resilience against droughts and floods. Among the strategies were planting of early maturing crops, irrigation, installing a water harvesting system, and mixed crop farming. The study recommends enhanced government investment in dams and water pans to harvest the flood waters which can be used for irrigation during the dry season. The study also recommends increased mobilization of financial resources by the government and other partners to support farmers coping mechanism aimed at addressing climate variability dynamics which affect food security.
Community Based Civic Programmes and Prevention of Violent Extremism in Mombasa County, Kenya
(NDU-K, 2024) Maingi Alex M
Violent extremism is a major security issue in many countries across the globe. Its motivators have evolved from nationalistic narratives to religious ideologies. Many countries in the world have become theatres of the wave of violent extremism, which is seen through the numerous terrorist attacks experienced in recent years in various parts of the world. Security measures alone cannot eradicate this problem, but cross-sectional efforts are needed to confront the radicalization and recruitment of people in the communities. “ This study therefore explored the community-based initiatives applied to prevent and counter violent extremism in Mombasa. The specific areas of this study were: Assessing the National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC) initiatives in preventing and countering violent extremism in Mombasa; examining the effectiveness of community-based programmes in preventing and countering violent extremism in Mombasa; evaluating the challenges facing effective implementation of community-based programmes in preventing and countering violent extremism in Mombasa. The study was guided by the social capital theory which explains that social ties are effective in maintenance of social control. Descriptive research design was employed in this study and both secondary and primary data were utilized. The study used questionnaire to collect primary data from police officers in Mombasa, KDF personnel in Mombasa, Chiefs, religious leaders, and NCTC personnel. The study established that diverge community-based efforts have been introduced by NCTC to fight against violent extremism in the region. These included community policing, rehabilitation programmes, education training and mentorship programs for the youth. It was confirmed that the residents of this region are receptive to these efforts. Community policing and rehabilitation programmes however were found to be facing challenges that are hindering their effectiveness. There is a lack of transparency and trust between the community and law enforcement personnel. Several other challenges were identified including lack of sufficient funding, and the economic grievances, especially unemployment, have not been adequately addressed. The stigma faced by the radicalized persons seeking to transform also prevents them from seeking help from the rehabilitation centres. The study concluded that youths are the most vulnerable as perpetrators of extremism in Mombasa, majorly because of unemployment. The effectiveness of community policing in Mombasa County needs to be enhanced as one of critical methods of preventing violent extremism. It was also established that cooperation among the agencies involved should be encouraged and there is need for increased awareness on the importance of rehabilitating returnees.
Conflict Dynamics in Laikipia County, Kenya: Causes, Impacts, and Resolution Strategies
(NDU-K, 2023) Maina Alex K
There have been several instances of low-intensity conflict (LIC) around the world, including in Latin America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. In Kenya several incidences of insurgencies, banditry and ethnic conflicts have occurred causing untold human suffering and loss of property. These conflicts have been persistent and intractable in nature. Many remedies and mitigating techniques have been tried, with some success. This study therefore aimed to examine causes and effects of insecurity in Laikipia County and proposes security strategies. The study was based on Edward Azar's Protracted Social Conflict Theory and Resource Scarcity Theory. The study used secondary data, reviewing existing literatures from other studies. The study findings indicated that political incitements, the proliferation of small arms, unequal land ownership and tenure, and marginalization were among the core causes of conflicts in Laikipia County. Conflicts in Laikipia County have a variety of effects, including decreased food production, property destruction, the loss of young, active males, school closures, disruptions in the delivery of medical care, and the spread of small guns and light weapons, among others. Attempted conflict management approaches in Laikipia County include dialogue, mediation, peace workshops, arbitration, peace meetings, psychosocial counselling, humanitarian assistance, disarmament and livestock control measures such as branding and embargoes. The study concluded that whereas some causes of conflicts in Laikipia County have been identified, the root causes have not been well highlighted and singled out and that there have been profound negative impacts on socio-economic aspects of the County. The study recommended that the Laikipia County administration creates a comprehensive framework for conflict resolution that combines formal and informal methods in order to address the main causes of conflict - land tenure and marginalization. The policy should blend formal and conventional dispute resolution techniques. The Ministry of Interior should set up long-term security agencies that are well-equipped, with a strong intelligence framework for early warning to stop the spread of small guns and lessen criminal activity. In order to improve compliance with Chapter 6 of the Kenyan Constitution 2010, the National government should create a permanent vetting board presided over by the Director of Military Intelligence (DMI) and Director National Intelligence Service (NIS).
Contribution of Military Institutions to Industrial Development in Kenya: The Case of Kenya Shipyards Limited
(NDU-K, 2024) Lekolool Timothy S
The subject of development continues to elicit a lot of academic interests, essentially since industrial development translates to anticipated benefits in terms of enhanced living standards, quality healthcare, food security, affordable housing, electricity, water, and many other amenities that make life comfortable. The significance of studying development as a phenomenon stems from the innate human need to assess and solve social, economic, cultural, environmental and political problems that affect everyday living. In the case of Kenya, this is encapsulated in the current industrial development blueprint, namely, Kenya’s Vision 2030 which captures the aspirations of “Kenya becoming a newly industrializing middle-income country providing a high standard of living to all its citizens by the year 2030.” This means that, to achieve industrial development, it is imperative that the Government of Kenya mobilize and leverage all her instruments of national power, including the military, to successfully support the national aspiration to industrialize. It is on this premise that this research examined the contribution of military institutions in the quest for industrial development in Kenya using the case of Kenya Shipyards Limited. The specific objectives of this study will examine the effectiveness of the institutional strategies used by Kenya Shipyards Limited in the advancement of industrial development in Kenya; it will also evaluate the policy-oriented measures anchoring Kenya Shipyards Limited’s contribution to industrial development in Kenya, and finally determine the challenges to Kenya Shipyards. It is worth noting that this study employed Military and Civil-Military Relation theory. The scope of the study was Kenya, specifically focusing on Mombasa, Nairobi and Kisumu Counties; the study participants were chosen based of their work and contribution in areas of defence, security and development. The researcher strove to identify the prospects in advance, through purposive sampling, using the snowballing technique. Primary data was collected via direct interviews and Key Informant Interview guide using interview administered questionnaires in conjunction with Focus Group Discussions. The secondary data sources were harvested from journals, books, reports, and periodicals. The outcomes were then analyzed using document and context analysis for qualitative data; which was later combined with descriptive analysis for quantitative data sets. Presentation of the results was in various forms including bar graphs, pie charts, frequency tables, and narrative. The researcher applied appropriate research procedures as required by the concerned institutions. This study found that Kenya Defence Forces was implementing strategies such as collaboration and technology transfers as a way to upscale the advancement of industrial development in the country. The research found that successful military production of goods and services through the Kenya Shipyards has created job opportunities in key sectors that support economic growth through diversification. This study concludes that, if well harnessed, military institutions can advance industrial development through exploits such as shipbuilding, repairs and vessel maintenance, which translates to Kenya exploring trade and investment opportunities in ocean resources and the Blue economy, thereby catalyzing growth and development of the country. This research recommends additional investments in the field of defence research and industrialization, with the aim of finding innovative ways by-which the military deliberately steps-in to ensure sustainable industrial development with the intention of upscaling people’s lives and livelihoods.
Contribution of Private Security Companies on Economic Security in Rwanda: A Case of Isco Security Company
(NDU-K, 2024) Kamanda Celestin
Private security companies play an important role towards economic security and development of any nation. In Rwanda one such private security company is ISCO which has been on frontline in hiring security personnel. ISCO also has crucial access control in most entities in the country in providing security services which has significantly contributed to economic security in the country. There exist however, literature gap on the contribution of ISCO company to the economic security in Rwanda, hence the reason the present study attempt to assess. The study assessed whether security services provided by ISCO in Rwanda have enabled business enterprises, commercial banks and individuals who are beneficiaries of this company to consistently meet their needs sustainably with dignity and with reduced rate of crimes due to robberies and theft as was being experienced in the absence of private security companies. The study had three objectives: to establish the effect of security guards provided by private security companies on economic security in Rwanda, to determine the effect of cash-in-transit as one of the services provided by ISCO on economic security in Rwanda, and to establish the effect of vehicle-tracking as key measures that were taken by ISCO on economic security in Rwanda. The study was conducted using descriptive survey design. Data collection technics used included questionnaires and interviews targeting business owners, commercial banks and individuals who are the beneficiaries of ISCO security company’s services. Primary data was obtained from owners of private enterprises like bank managers, private business owners and security guards employees of private security companies. Study findings confirmed that many people have been able to realize improved livelihood due to security guard interventions over the last five years hence achieving economic security. Study findings also indicated that providing escorts for cash- in- transit management has significantly contributed to increasing asset accumulation in the organizations where they provide services, improved livelihood of individuals who benefit from these services, and that cash in transit management has contributed to increasing productivity hence achieving economic security. The findings indicated that vehicle tracking technic has significantly reduced crime rate more especially theft. This has contributed a lot in achieving economic security because business owners and individual beneficiaries of private security company have been able to meet their needs sustainably with dignity and with reduced rate of crimes. In conclusion, there was improved livelihood, increased productivity and asset accumulation as key elements of economic security as a result of services provided by ISCO private security companies in Rwanda.
Contribution of Responsive Governance to Personal Security: The Case of Crime Victims Support Services (CVSS) in Kenya
(2024) Mwenje Mary W
This study investigates the role of responsive governance in enhancing personal security for crime victims within Kenya's law enforcement and justice system. The research addresses the systemic neglect of victims' rights and evaluates governance mechanisms to propose a victim centered approach for equitable justice. The following objectives guide the study; to examine the key principles of responsive governance that contribute to the success of crime support services, to assess the extent to which governance mechanisms in Kenya acknowledge and comprehensively serve the requirements of crime victims through the perspectives of crime victims and relevant stakeholders and to investigate strategic interventions for enhancing the efficacy of the existing governance mechanisms in addressing the needs of crime victims. The study adopted governance capacity and victim centred approach theories which integrates concepts from governance studies, victimology, and security studies to elucidate how governance mechanisms influence personal security outcomes for crime victims. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, data was collected from 180 respondents, including crime victims, law enforcement, legal practitioners, and advocacy groups, through structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The study identified major gaps in the accessibility and effectiveness of victim support services, with only 33.3% of respondents finding these services easily accessible and 35.3% expressing dissatisfaction with their effectiveness. Despite progressive legal frameworks, implementation gaps persist due to lack of a clear well-resourced single institution dedicated to crime victim welfare, financial constraints, corruption, low awareness and poor coordination among agencies with complimentary mandates. A strong consensus emerged on the need for strategic interventions, including a budget increase for victim support and streamlining the justice system to reduce re-victimization and undue delays. The study concludes that inclusivity especially of crime victims, transparency, and collaboration are crucial for successful victim support programs. However, significant implementation challenges undermine these efforts, necessitating specific, measurable, and time-bound interventions to improve governance mechanisms. The study advocates for enhancing the accessibility and tailoring of support services, strengthening legal/policy/administrative frameworks, increasing funding, and improving coordination among agencies. In view of the above, the study proposes urgent establishment of a Victim Support Agency (VSA) in Kenya meant to strategically provide leadership and ensure the effective coordination and oversight of crime victim support services. Keywords: Responsive governance, crime victims, criminal justice system, victim-centered approach.
Contribution of Selective Defence National Security Industries on the Economic Development of Kenya: A Case Study of Kenya Shipyards Ltd
(NDU-K, 2024) Dido Kana G
The Kenya Defense Forces are involved in various nation building activities and civic duties especially during national calamities and global disasters and thus play a critical role in social development and promoting the social welfare of the citizens in different human aspects. It is evident that the establishment of National Defense Industries has significantly developed of national infrastructure and creation of job opportunities for civilians, military officers and other foreign traders. Military teams such as the Kenya Navy have significantly benefitted from the Defense Industries which provides an opportunity for designing and construction of sophisticated marine vessels such as military ships, fishing equipment, ferries and other advanced surveillance equipment. This research focused on discussing the contribution of Selective Defense National Security Industries on the economic development of Kenya: A case study of Kenya Shipyards Ltd. The study established that the Kenya Shipyard facility contributes to national economic development by creating job opportunities for a significant number of individuals. This includes skilled and unskilled labor in various fields such as welding, engineering, mechanics, and administration. The Kenya shipyard is playing a central role in driving infrastructure development in different areas of the economy, including improvements in transportation, energy, and utilities. In terms of foreign exchange earnings, involvement of the shipyard in international trade significantly contributes to foreign exchange earnings for the country through shipbuilding, repair, and maintenance services for both domestic and international clients. Based on the findings, the research concluded that shipyard facilities in Kenya have a positive impact on employment creation, providing job opportunities for both skilled and unskilled labor in the shipbuilding and maintenance sectors. The research recommended that the Kenyan government and private investors should consider further investments in shipyard facilities to capitalize on the potential economic benefits.
Contribution of the Military in Corporate Social Responsibility For Promoting Development in Africa: Case Study of Rwanda
(NDU-K, 2023) Louis Kanobayire
Military Corporate Social Responsibility (MCSR) is a strategic approach that combines military doctrine and corporate social responsibility practices to contribute to national development. Emerging creative endeavors provide assistance for sustainable development initiatives in various countries in the twenty-first century. For instance, military engagements in operations other than war, which are generally regarded as the secondary duty of military forces, have the ability to contribute to the growth of a state. Therefore, Corporate Social Responsibility in military service may be viewed as one of the tasks (military secondary function) that creates the ground for sustainable growth in a community. This is because the military serves as the foundation for the development of a society. The objectives of the study revolved around the examination of the contribution of the military corporate social responsibility in promoting development in Rwanda, where the researcher aimed at analyzing the concept of Military Corporate Social Responsibility in national development. The researcher also assessed the importance of applying CSR in RDF vis-à-vis the development of Rwanda. The potential contribution of RDF CSR endeavors to Rwanda vision 2050 were also examined. The rational choice institutionalism theory which posits that institutions, including organizations and governments, act rationally to maximize their self-interest in the decision making process was used for this study. In the context of military involvement in corporate social responsibility (CSR) for economic development, this theory implies that the military is motivated by a desire to enhance its own interests while also promoting development. The study targeted subject matter experts in CSR and those who have an idea in the area of CSR, to include Managing Directors of RDF Industries involved in CSR and CSR beneficiaries as well as some of RDF joint staff with a sample size of sixty respondents. The key finding in this study is that most of the respondent acknowledged that RDF CSR plays a noticeable role in the economic development of Rwanda, especially in the field of infrastructure development. In Rwanda, the contribution of MCSR cannot be underestimated since the country has a history of conflict and the military has played a key role in ensuring peace and security. Even if it is obvious that military Corporate Social Responsibility plays a part in the promotion of the growth of a country, this field of research continues to be intriguing and desirable. The ultimate goal of this line of inquiry is to seek out ways to continuously improve the contribution of the military to the development of a country. In spite of this, relatively few efforts have been undertaken to investigate the current function of the armed forces in the context of Corporate Social Responsibility for the purpose of development in Rwanda. A case study research design was used for this thesis as it provides a good view of what the issue is really like. According to the findings of the study, RDF businesses participate in various Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives in their day-to-day operations. Though the extent to which these businesses contribute to Rwanda’s economic development is not yet established, there is already a recognizable contribution to Rwanda's current economic development, and they also have the potential to make a contribution to Rwanda's economic development in the context of Rwanda vision 2050.
Coordination of Non-state Actors in Enhancement of Health Security in Post Covid-19 Kenya: A Case Study of Amref Health Africa- Kenya
(2024) Chessa Ian W
This study investigated the role of non-state actors (NSAs) in enhancing health security in post COVID-19 Kenya, focusing on the case of AMREF Health Africa-Kenya. The paradox of Kenya experiencing significant disease burden and economic hardship despite possessing relevant policies and frameworks motivated this research. Employing a qualitative case study design grounded in Institutional Theory, the research aimed to: analyze the effects of NSA interventions; examine the existing policy frameworks for NSA-government partnerships, and explore opportunities for strengthening collaboration. The research applied a case study design and qualitative approach. Sample size was determined considering the target population of 12,162. Data was collected through open ended questionnaires and key informant interviews from a sample of 80 participants. The qualitative data collected underwent thematic analysis. The study revealed that NSAs, including AMREF, significantly contributed to health security outcomes. Their interventions provided essential resources, facilitated community engagement, and implemented targeted health programs. To bolster NSA capacity in responding to health threats, the study recommends advocating for increased resource allocation, encompassing both financial investment and human resources. Furthermore, the study found that existing policy and strategic frameworks for NSA-government partnerships were hampered by bureaucratic hurdles and inefficient administrative processes. These impeded timely decision-making and collaborative efforts. To address this, the study recommends institutional reforms by the Ministry of Health to streamline processes, simplify approval mechanisms, and enhance communication through digital platforms. Finally, the research identified the need for robust partnerships and transparent communication channels between NSAs and government institutions through the Ministry of Health for effective health security. Establishing regular forums, such as joint steering committees or task forces, was suggested to facilitate open dialogue, collaborative decision-making, and strategic alignment of priorities. In conclusion, this thesis contributes to the understanding of NSA coordination in post-COVID-19 health security. It underscores the importance of collaborative efforts between NSAs and government institutions through the Ministry for addressing health threats and building a more resilient Kenyan health system. The research highlights the need for policy reforms, capacity-building initiatives, and sustained partnerships to strengthen health security infrastructure and ensure the well-being of the Kenyan population in the face of future health crises.
Critical Infrastructure in Enhancing Economic Security of South-west Ernbangladesh: The Case of Padma Multi Purpose Bridge
(NDU-K, 2023) Ahmed Mesbah U
Development of critical infrastructures for national and human security are within the priority list of the governments throughout the world. Government of Bangladesh has recently constructed a strategic level critical infrastructure namely 6.15 kilometers long Padma Multipurpose Bridge, which has been operational since 26 June 2022. Prior to that, the population of South-Western Bangladesh had been suffering a lot due to communication and other associated difficulties. This research endeavours to discover the contribution of critical infrastructure in enhancing economic security in South-Western Bangladesh. For doing so, two social science theories namely Securitization Theory and Systems Theory are consulted to construct the theoretical framework. For this research, data is collected from both primary and secondary sources. Mainly qualitative analysis using descriptive method is carried out in order to bring out the findings. The definition of basic social security in South-Western Bangladesh is access to the infrastructure necessary to meet one's basic needs in terms of health, education, housing, social safety, and job stability. From that point of view, total seven components of economic security are portrayed in this report. These are income security, representation security, labour market security, employment security, job security, work security and skill reproduction security. Research findings show that, the present state of economic security of South-Western Bangladesh is of moderate standard. Again, the findings also indicate that, critical infrastructure has both direct and indirect relationship with the economic security of South-Western Bangladesh, like any other parts of the country, region and world. Furthermore, research also shows that, the key infrastructures especially Padma Multipurpose Bridge will have substantial positive impact on the agriculture, food, communication, service and development sectors in South-Western Bangladesh. Not only that, it will also have significant positive impact on the investment sector and functioning of the government machineries in South Western Bangladesh. As a whole it can be said that, the economic security of South-Western Bangladesh will significantly be enhanced with the development of critical infrastructures, especially PMB. As a whole, the research findings discover that, the economic security of South-Western Bangladesh will significantly be enhanced with the development of critical infrastructures, especially PMB. Additionally, the research also indicates that the Government of Bangladesh has taken the right decision by constructing the Padma Multipurpose Bridge. Therefore, GOB should take necessary measures in order to ensure complete security and protection of PMB round the clock. Ministry of Infrastructure and Communication should ensure proper maintenance of the bridge regularly in order to ensure that the bridge remains functional round the clock. Efforts should also be made by both the central and regional government offices to ensure rapid industrialization in South-Western Bangladesh.
Cybercrime and Implications on Economic Security: The Case of Kenya
(NDU-K, 2024) Saidi Issa C
The research study examined the evolving landscape of cybercrime and its significant implications on economic security within Kenya. As the digital economy rapidly grows, cyber threats have become increasingly sophisticated and pervasive, posing significant risks not only to individual entities but also to national security. In Kenya, a nation at the forefront of digital transformation in Africa, these threats have escalated, challenging the ability to safeguard vital economic infrastructures. The study used a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative techniques to analyze Kenya's cybercrime landscape. The theoretical framework was based on securitization, deterrence, and routine activity theories, offering a strong foundation for understanding cybercrime's impact on economic security. Data was collected through an extensive literature review and engagement with professionals from various sectors, including government, security agencies, and academia. Participants, with 1 to 30 years of experience, provided key insights into Kenya's cybersecurity state. An 80% response rate was achieved, ensuring the findings were valid, reliable, and representative of the broader cybersecurity landscape. The study reveals critical issues in Kenya’s cybersecurity landscape. Despite digitalization efforts and security policies, there remains a significant gap in public cyber threat awareness, leaving many vulnerable to attacks. The 2017 cyber-attack on the National Bank of Kenya, resulting in the theft of KES 29 million ($280,000), highlights the need for stronger cybersecurity measures and public education. The study also identifies the asymmetric nature of cybercrime, which, unlike traditional crimes, transcends borders, making it harder to predict and mitigate. The global interconnectedness of the internet exacerbates this challenge, necessitating a shift from reactive to proactive cyber threat strategies. The study recommends immmediate implementation of comprehensive cyber literacy programmes for the public, focusing on common threats, safe practices, and basic cybersecurity, with tailored content for different demographics. Cybersecurity education should be integrated into the national curriculum from the primary level to foster early awareness. It also highlights the need for collaboration among all stakeholders - government, private sector, academia, and civil society to share information and best practices. Organizations, especially in critical sectors like banking, healthcare, and government, should adopt robust security measures, including advanced detection systems and regular audits. The study also suggests further that the government should consider employing local ethical hackers to identify vulnerabilities and counter cyber threats, particularly in government and critical infrastructure. Keywords: Cybersecurity, economic security, national security, internet, Kenya.

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