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Street-Level Bureaucrats as Policy Entrepreneurs: The Nexus between Timing of Traffic Enforcement Activities and Road Safety Policy Outcomes
(Wiley Online Library, 2020-12) Zedekia Sidha; Patrick Asingo; Justine Magutu
This article examines the influence of street-level bureaucratic discretion over the timing of implementation on road safety policy outcomes. It is premised on freshly collected data from road users and traffic enforcement officers in Nairobi, Kenya. It employed Street-Level Bureaucratic Theory for purposes of conceptualization. It observed that traffic police divisions, like most street-level bureaucracies, are chronically under-resourced. They do not have sufficient officers and equipment to monitor safety police compliance and conduct traffic control activities among other roles. To cope with these challenges, they make discretionary choices over activities to concentrate on at any given time. Given that the police play an important role in fostering road safety policy compliance, the study concludes that their failure to target safety implementation at the time when the violations are prevalent is linked to the incessant road safety policy failures across the globe.
Human-Wildlife Conflict Management: Towards a Comprehensive Strategies for Sustainable Coexistence in Conservancies in Laikipia County
(2023) Samuel N, Kamande; Emily Okuto; John R, Kisilu
The article explores the rampant issue of human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) in conservancies, primarily focusing on Laikipia County, Kenya. In response to the escalating global challenge of HWC, privately run conservancies have emerged as a proactive approach to safeguarding natural ecosystems while promoting responsible resource utilization. These conservancies also aim to reshape societal perceptions and behaviors regarding wildlife. However, the conservancies in Laikipia County currently face a significant HWC crisis due to the encroachment of human activities into wildlife habitats. This encroachment has led to adverse consequences for biodiversity conservation and local livelihoods. The insufficiency of existing control measures necessitates the development of comprehensive strategies that can effectively reduce conflicts, protect the interests of both human and wildlife populations, and ensure the long-term viability of conservancies. The study employs the socio-ecological systems (SES) theory as its foundational framework. Research within Laikipia County involves diverse participants, including conservancy staff, community leaders, and representatives from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) engaged in community outreach. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach, utilizing questionnaires and interviews to collect primary and secondary data. Quantitative data is analyzed using SPSS version 21, while qualitative analysis uncovers underlying patterns and themes in the dataset. The study’s findings emphasize the pivotal role of community engagement and strategic land use planning in mitigating human-wildlife conflicts. The data highlights that private conservancies actively organize community training programs to raise awareness about the significance of wildlife conservation. Moreover, a shift in land use, explicitly transitioning from livestock rearing to cropland cultivation, emerges as a viable strategy for reducing conflict incidents in Laikipia County. The SES theory underscores the importance of understanding both social and ecological factors for coexistence. Social acceptability influences attitudes towards wildlife, impacting conflict dynamics and conservation efforts. Striking a balance between environmental diversity and social acceptability is crucial for effective conflict resolution. The study’s results reveal how conservancies’ impact on local lifestyles can influence attitudes and values, potentially leading to conflicts between humans and wildlife.
Ethnicity as a Tool to Pacify Religious Extremism: A Case Study of Intrastate Conflict in Somalia
(2023) John R, Kisilu
The clan system and religion in Somalia are the two most salient identities that define the fundamental social structure of the Somali nation. This structure has been the main unifying factor of the Somali people. Unfortunately, the same system is perceived to be a stumbling block to the resolution of the Somali intrastate conflict. Observably, the clan stands out as the central pillar of social structure in Somalia. It is the entry point into the livelihood of the Somali people. This paper explores the possibility of transforming the dominance of clan kinship into an opportunity for neutralizing the negative effect of religious extremism. The paper adopts the conflict transformation theory propounded by John Paul Lederach. The philosophical outlook of the article is positive peace as advanced by Galtung. Primary data were collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions (FGDs), and semi-structured interview schedules involving 223 respondents with knowledge about conflict issues in Somalia. Secondary data were collected through a literature review of books and journals. The study identified the clan as the potent outfit in Somalia which can engage the religious extremist group, Al Shabaab, in negotiation for peace. It is impossible to conquer the Al Shabaab as it operates within the population and has high adaptability by employing asymmetrical warfare tactics. Additionally, the government of Somalia is perceived by Al Shabaab as man-made and, therefore, an illegitimate, unworthy partner to negotiate with. Furthermore, engaging the group in negotiation is a dilemma; democracies do not negotiate with terror groups lest they legitimize them as the voice of the population. Therefore, the clan becomes the legible unit to handle the responsibility of negotiation between the government and the religious extremist group, Al Shabaab. The clan can also play a key role in reaching out to the youths who are targets of radicalization campaigns from extremist groups. The study recommends that the clan system in Somalia, as an important institution in the country, should be partnered with to provide a middle ground in the conflict and serve as a bridge between the state and the religious extremist group, Al Shabaab. The clan system is likely to bring homegrown solutions to the conflict.
Information Security Threats to e-government Services in Kenya
(Global Journal of Human-Social Science, 2023) Otieno Godfred Ohndyl; James J Kimuyu; Zedekia Sidha
This study examined information security threats to e-government services commonly known as e-citizen. Grounded on General Systems Theory examined the nature of complex inter-relationships and interdependence of global society, states, non-state actors and individuals and how they relate in a complex internet –enabled communication network. Mixed method cross sectional survey was used. Targeted population of 12000 respondents from 51 Huduma Centres. Purposive sampling at 10% was chosen where 1200 structured questionnaires issued returned 966 responses at 80%. The data was processed and analysed using SPSS. The hypothesis was tested at 5% significance level. The study found that Kenyan citizens were the majority at 50%, Companies at 35%, Foreign Agencies 10% and Foreign Nationals at 5%. The services sought; Government to (G2C) 43%, Government to Business (G2B) 35%, Government to employees (G2E) 20% and Government to Government (G2G) 2%. The study identified 12 categories of information security threats i.e unauthorized access, illegal devices, unauthorized codes, distributed denial of services (ddos) false publications, computer frauds, cyber espionage, terrorism and squatting, phishing, identity thefts, electronic interceptions, fraudulent electronic data, employee aiding and child pornography.
The Nature of Community Armed Groups in Northern Kenya: a framework of Territoriality and Ethnicity
(Africa Amani Journal (AAJ), 2023) Clifford Collins Omondi Okwany; Evelyne Atieno Owino; Zedekiah Opondo Sidha
In this article, we analyze the fluidity of territoriality—state control or influence of space, looking at how community-based armed groups (CBAGs) from the Pokot, Samburu, and Turkana ethnic communities take advantage of semi-territoriality—spaces with limited state security personnel. We analyze the conflict belt—areas in north and west of Samburu County bordering Baringo north and Turkana east, giving an understanding of how the change of norms and development impact the dynamics of conflict and violence in Samburu. The article benefits from our research experiences and networks from the community policing ICT4COP—EU Horizon 20201 and the Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) 228 project on Future Rural Africa.2 Our empirical evidence was gathered from 34 interviews with key informants, such as state representatives and civil society officials, and 11 focus group discussions with communities in Samburu and Turkana. The findings show that the fluidity of state-territoriality has an impact on human security, leading to community mistrust of the security forces. We recommend robust community-oriented policing (COP) as a devolved security strategy, strengthening a public-private partnership (PPP)—a hybrid of the private sectors and government in policing work and civil societies and communities in helping to monitor and evaluate the police. Additionally, mapping illegal arms and CBAGs through clan structures is a community-oriented strategy that helps strengthen territoriality and counter semi-territoriality.
The Contribution of Science and Technology in Countering Violent Extremism in Lamu County, Kenya
(2023) Joseph M, Kaku; John R, Kisilu
This study examines the role of science and technology in countering violent extremism (CVE) in Lamu County, Kenya. The study employed a descriptive research design and mixed-method cross-sectional survey approach, focusing on multi-agency team operations, specifically emphasizing Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) activities in the Boni Forest. The research population comprised key stakeholders and practitioners involved in CVE efforts, totaling 120 officers. A purposive sampling technique ensured diversity within the sample based on participants’ expertise, background, functional areas, departments, age, and units within the Kenya Defence Forces. Data collection involved structured questionnaires and key informant interviews for primary and secondary data from books, journals, and operating procedures. Quantitative data analysis employed SPSS for descriptive statistics, while thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data. The study reveals that science and technology have been integral to Kenya’s CVE efforts, with the National Counter- Terrorism Center (NCTC) playing a significant role in intelligence gathering and analysis using technology. Collaboration with international agencies allowed sharing of intelligence, aiding the prediction of attacks and identification of areas with prevalent radicalization. Surveillance technologies like drones and CCTV cameras have enhanced monitoring in high-risk areas, leading to effective response measures. Moreover, mobile money transfer systems like M-Pesa are beneficial and susceptible to misuse in financing terrorist activities, emphasizing the importance of partnerships between financial institutions and security agencies. The study recommended integrating science and technology with community engagement, education, and policy initiatives. It underscores the need for a comprehensive community-centered strategy in Lamu County, fostering partnership and trust between the government and local communities. Continuous research, capacity building, and counter-narratives using technology are essential for sustained progress in countering violent extremism. While science and technology offer invaluable tools, collaboration, and holistic approaches remain vital to achieving comprehensive results and maintaining national security.
Implication of Public Policy Interventions on Inter-Ethnic Conflict in Isiolo County
(2023) Kariithi A, Charles; John R, Kisilu
Public policies are among some solutions states use to address inter-ethnic conflicts. The state is responsible for protecting the welfare of its citizenry, which is why the government strives to identify solutions to resolve conflicts within its borders. The study was anchored on Stakeholder Approach in Conflict Analysis. This study adopted the descriptive survey research method employing a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods in the research process. The study was conducted in Isiolo County. The research employed probability and non-probability sampling techniques. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0, while qualitative data was analyzed using the thematic analysis method. The findings indicated that policy interventions to improve the road infrastructure would open viable markets and limit banditry attacks along the highways. Alternate sources of economic livelihoods, enabling security to allow uninterrupted access to education, availability of social amenities, and developing an early warning system to deter inter-ethnic conflicts before they escalate would be a proactive policy framework. The study recommended that equitable representation of the communities in the county government, involvement of all stakeholders in the efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change and ensure food security, Youth fund to provide alternative sources of employment, and provision of quality education to the children can be adequate public intervention measures by the government which could help resolve the inter-ethnic conflicts in Isiolo County.
How and Why Women Legislators Miss Out on Legislative Leadership Roles: Gender Equality Policies and Legislative Influence in Kenya
(Springer Nature, 2023-03) Zedekia Sidha; Taji Shivachi; Justine Mokeira Magutu
Since the Beijing platform for action on women’s rights in 1995, many states and regional bodies have enacted laws to help implement the conference’s recommendations. Most of these laws are in the form of gender quotas. Arguably, 130 out of 156 states currently have one form of gender quota or the other. These quotas commonly exist in three central categories: reserved seats, party quotas and legislative quotas. This chapter dissects these categories to understand how they position women legislators—elected and nominated—for legislative leadership roles. It disassociates sex from gender quotas and compares access to legislative leadership positions between women and men and between elected and nominated local government assemblies in Kenya. We rely on Feminist Institutionalism (FI) lenses and rich empirical data to tease out the interstices between institutions, cultural structures and norms underpinning the exclusion of female legislators from legislative leadership positions. Our empirical analysis makes nuanced comparative inferences to other Eastern African states. Overall, we show that the art of nation-building in Africa, as elsewhere, is incomplete without effectively integrating women in key decision-making political institutions like the legislature.
Information Technology, the Complexity of Joint Action, and Child Protection Policy Implementation in Kenya
(Springer Nature, 2023-08) Zedekia Sidha; Nixon Amuomo
The role of information technology in public administration has received substantial attention in recent years. Major discussions revolve around how technology can promote efficiency, accountability, democracy, and participation of traditionally excluded populations such as women, the poor, and persons with disabilities. However, little attention has been paid to understanding the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in dealing with the complexity of joint action as a perennial problem of public policy implementation. Today, the challenge of coordinating contributions of various players to the implementation process not only relates to different government departments but also to interactions between the government, private sector, and civil society organisations. The findings here show that child protection policy failure in some African policy contexts might partly be attributable to a lack of coordination among various players. This chapter analyses the attendant Child Protection Information Management System, Kenya, and the orphans and vulnerable children case management process employed as policy instruments to reduce the problem of joint action in Child Policy. It explicitly demonstrates the role of ICTs in promoting policy collaborations among various implementing agencies.
The Effectiveness of IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC) on Environmental Security in the Greater Horn of Africa
(International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR), 2024) Swaleh Mwachidagaya; Rotich Gladys Chepkirui
A comprehensive analysis of Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Climate Prediction and Applications Center (ICPAC) initiatives in the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) is necessitated by the existing climatic challenges in the region. The program was developed with an aim at enhancing environmental security through climate prediction. This review delves into the different initiatives within ICPAC and their impact in addressing environmental threats within the IGAD region. A region that is known for its vulnerability to climate change and variability which has posed significant threat to the environment, livelihoods and sustainable development. This analysis assesses the impact of ICPAC's work on environmental security by thoroughly examining the organization's efforts to increase the accuracy of climate predictions, fortify early warning systems, and encourage adaptive methods. This study emphasizes the significance of scientific innovation and regional cooperation in solving climate-related concerns in the Greater Horn of Africa by combining existing research, reports, and case studies. The study in its findings highlights the need for an elaborate monitoring and evaluation framework that will advise policy and shape up future programs. There has also been an indication of inadequate awareness programs for communities to be able to fully explore the benefits that ICPAC is aimed at delivering.
Gender Dynamics in Countering Violent Extremism: Insights from Local Communities in Isiolo County, Kenya
(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 2024-10) Zadock Wambua Kavemba; Mumo Nzau; Emmanuel Kondoltiony
Countering violent extremism (CVE) has become a significant concern globally, with various strategies being explored to address the root causes of radicalization. In regions like Isiolo County, Kenya, gender dynamics play a pivotal role in influencing both vulnerability to and engagement in efforts to combat extremism. Gender-sensitive approaches have been increasingly recognized for their potential to enhance the effectiveness of CVE interventions by addressing the social, economic, and political inequalities that contribute to radicalization. This study investigates Gender Dynamics in Countering Violent Extremism: Insights from Local Communities in Isiolo County, Kenya, utilizing a feminist security theory framework. The objective of the study is to explore how gender influences the effectiveness of CVE strategies and to identify the factors that enable women’s active involvement in CVE. A mixed-methods approach, including surveys, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions, was used to gather perspectives from individuals directly or indirectly affected by violent extremist activities, as well as key informants involved in CVE initiatives. The study finds that promoting gender equality, fostering inclusive community dialogue, addressing underlying social issues, empowering women in leadership roles, and engaging men and boys in challenging traditional gender norms are critical to enhancing women’s participation in CVE. These findings underscore the importance of adopting a gender-sensitive approach to CVE, which recognizes and tackles the intersecting social, economic, and political factors driving violent extremism. Key recommendations include implementing governance reforms to promote gender equality, expanding educational and economic opportunities for women, fostering inclusive dialogues, and engaging men and boys in promoting positive masculinity. These insights contribute to broader discussions on gender-responsive approaches to security and peacebuilding, highlighting specific strategies to strengthen women’s roles in preventing and countering violent extremism in Isiolo County.
‘Superstitious Beliefs’ and Human Security in Tabora Region of Tanzania
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2025) Benjamin Lucas Kingamkono; Mariah Ngutu; Lilian Macharia
The aim of this study was to determine how superstitious beliefs influenced people's perceptions of security and their general health status. Its main objective was to investigate how supernatural beliefs impacted the advancement of human security in the Tabora Region. Social Learning Theory and Welsh Security Theory were used to explore how cultural beliefs shaped personal and community security patterns. The study adopted an explanatory sequential design to assess the effects of superstitious beliefs on human security in the region. A total of 204 participants were selected through a combination of simple random sampling and purposive sampling to ensure demographic representation. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and semi-structured interview guides. Thematic analysis was employed to interpret qualitative data, while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study yielded valuable insights for policymakers, community leaders, and health practitioners by revealing how superstitious beliefs influenced human security, thus supporting the design of more culturally sensitive and effective interventions. The findings indicated that superstitious beliefs were deeply entrenched in Tabora, with witchcraft being the most dominant. These beliefs negatively affected human security by fostering fear, violence, social exclusion, and limited access to modern healthcare. The study recommended the implementation of educational programs aimed at promoting critical thinking to reduce superstition in rural communities. It also called for stronger legal protections against witchcraft-related violence, improved community policing, and the integration of modern healthcare with traditional medical practices.
Religious Sectarian Extremism in Kenya: An Assessment of Kilifi County
(The Eastern Africa Journal of Policy and Strategy, 2025) Michael Mkoji; Mumo Nzau; Rosalind Nyawira Macharia
Kenya’s battle against violent extremism, primarily focused on Islamist terrorism since the 1998 Nairobi bombing, has seen significant counterterrorism progress over the past two decades. However, extremism remains a pervasive social and security issue, necessitating systematic, research-based policy action. This became starkly evident a er the 2023 Shakahola cult tragedy, where over 400 lives were lost. This study examines religious sectarian extremism in Kenya, with a focus on Kili County from 2010 to 2024, a region marked by heightened extremism, including terrorism, mob killings of the elderly, and the Shakahola tragedy. It evaluates the impact of regulatory frameworks on the relationship between religious sectarian extremism and community security and analyzes strategies to mitigate the threats posed by religious sectarian extremism. The study applies the theory of violent extremist religious sects (VERSs) to contextualize the issue. A descriptive research design was used, collecting data from 384 respondents through structured questionnaires for quantitative analysis (using means and standard deviations) and semi-structured interviews with sixteen key informants for thematic qualitative analysis. Findings reveal that religious sectarian extremism in Kili County and Kenya manifests through religious divisions, conflicts driven by differing theological worldviews among leaders, destruction of worship sites, and discrimination based on religious differences. It also appears as emerging cults and extreme acts like mass suicides, killings, verbal and physical attacks, and hatred. To address this, the study recommends a government-led religious literacy campaign and a robust legal framework to regulate religious institutions.
Assessing the Impact of Government Security Policies on the Frequency and Severity of Al-Shabaab Attacks in Mandera County, Kenya
(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 2025) Mohamed Sirat Yussuf; Peterlinus Ouma Odote; James Kimuyu
This study evaluates the impact of government security policies and programs on the frequency and severity of Al-Shabaab attacks in Mandera County, Kenya, from 2014 to 2024. Researchers collected quantitative and qualitative data by carrying out structured questionnaires among 250 respondents and interviews with key informants. According to the results, only 21.6% of people are aware of counterterrorism policies put in place by the government. Most participants thought that attacks from Al-Shabaab were very severe (65%), but part of them expressed uncertainty about the effectiveness of those actions (24.8%) and part of them felt the measures were not enough (46.4%). Results from regression analysis showed that a bigger military presence (β = 0.358) and stronger border patrols (β = 0.283) strongly reduced the number of terrorist activities, but surveillance technologies influenced them to a moderate degree only (β = 0.276). Research suggests that government support and community-based activities had only a small impact which might result from poor decisions about using resources and making policies. Improving security outcomes was found to rely on stronger collaboration and the exchange of information between the police and the community. Based on the findings, sustaining effective counterterrorism work in Mandera County requires having military, community and inter-agency strengths, plus programs to educate the public.
Regional Integration and Economic Security: Evaluating Kenya’s Experience under the EAC Framework
(A Journal of the National Defence University-Kenya, 2025-06) Bennacate Chibole Andanje; Stephen Handa; Nyaburi Nyadera
This study investigates the impact of East African Community (EAC) integration on Kenya’s economic security by evaluating the outcomes of the Customs Union, Common Market, and proposed Monetary Union. Utilising a mixed-methods design that integrates survey data (n = 170), semi-structured interviews (n = 15), and macroeconomic indicators (2010–2024), the study develops a composite Economic Security Index (ESI) encompassing trade efficiency, labour mobility, and fiscal health. Findings show that Kenya’s ESI improved from 52.1 in 2010 to 68.4 in 2023, with the Common Market—especially labour mobility—emerging as the strongest driver (β = 0.402). However, progress remains uneven: the manufacturing and logistics sectors benefited from adherence to the Common External Tariff, while agriculture lagged due to persistent non-tariff barriers (NTBs) and phytosanitary disputes. Monetary integration showed the weakest impact, constrained by inflation divergence and fiscal asymmetries among member states. The study extends Balassa’s (1961) integration model by revealing asymmetric policy spillovers and the critical role of institutional enforcement. Qualitative data expose regulatory fragmentation, informal payments at borders, and licensing delays that hinder professional mobility. Policy recommendations include digitising customs via blockchain, establishing mutual recognition agreements, and capitalising a regional small and medium enterprises credit guarantee fund. These insights offer a nuanced understanding of regional integration’s potential and limitations in advancing economic security in Africa.
Evaluating the Role of Rehabilitation Programs in the Post-Release Reintegration of Female Prisoners at Lang'ata Women Prison, Kenya
(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 2025-06) Yusuf Kaitopok; Resila Atieno Onyango; Cliff Obwogi
This study examined the role of rehabilitation programs in supporting the post-release reintegration of female prisoners at Lang’ata Women Prison, Kenya. Drawing on rehabilitation theory and restorative justice principles, the research uses a mixed-methods approach, involving surveys of inmates and staff (n = 198) and in-depth interviews with formerly incarcerated women and prison personnel. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. Findings reveal that vocational training in tailoring, baking, and ICT provides valuable skills for employment. Psychosocial interventions, such as counselling and maternal care, improve emotional resilience, while enhanced healthcare and nutrition support physical wellbeing. However, many women face significant reintegration challenges due to the lack of transitional housing, limited employment linkages, and community stigma. These systemic gaps undermine the sustainability of rehabilitation outcomes and increase the risk of recidivism. The study recommends establishing a structured “Continuum of Care” framework that includes halfway houses, partnerships with employers, micro enterprise support, and community reintegration initiatives. Institutionalizing these components can bridge the gap between prison rehabilitation and successful reintegration, reduce repeat offenses, and strengthen Kenya’s correctional justice system in line with restorative justice goals.
Interface Between Glacial Lake Outburst Floods and National Security in Nepal
(A Journal of the National Defence University-Kenya, 2025-06) Pushpa Raj Bhandari; Bernard Adero
This study investigates the implications of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) on national security in Nepal, with a particular focus on their cascading effects on human security. The central research question guiding this inquiry is: How do GLOFs impact human security, and what are their cascading effects on national security in Nepal? A mixed-methods research approach was employed, utilizing an explanatory sequential design. The quantitative component involved statistical analysis of secondary data and survey responses, focusing on the frequency and intensity of GLOFs and their impacts on infrastructure, livelihoods, and socio economic stability. The qualitative component consisted of semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with key stakeholders, including disaster management officials, climate experts, and community representatives, to contextualize and enrich the quantitative findings. The study was conducted across eight high-risk Himalayan districts. A sample of 450 respondents was determined using Cochran’s formula. In addition, three focus group discussions were conducted to gain deeper qualitative insights. The findings underscore the exacerbating influence of climate change and accelerated glacial melting in the Himalayas, which heighten the risks associated with glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs). These events have profound consequences for human security, thereby contributing to broader national security vulnerabilities. The study identifies significant gaps in Nepal’s disaster risk management framework and calls for a paradigm shift in preparedness strategies. Recommendations include implementing comprehensive risk assessments, establishing robust early warning systems, developing climate-resilient infrastructure, and implementing community-based adaptation measures to enhance resilience.
Strategic Modelling for High-Technology Sectors: Addressing Economic Security in Emerging Economies amidst US-China Geopolitical Competition
(A Journal of the National Defence University-Kenya, 2025-06) Iftekhar Alam; Raphael Ziro Mwatela; Paul Mwangi Gachanja
This paper presents a quantified strategic model to support emerging economies in enhancing economic security and technological self-reliance in high-technology sectors, using the semiconductor industry as a primary case study. Situated in the context of intensifying US- China geopolitical competition, the study analyses the readiness of India and Kenya to develop resilient semiconductor ecosystems. A mixed-methods approach, combining literature review, stakeholder surveys, and expert validation, informs the development of a weighted scoring model that captures the influence of geopolitical dynamics, domestic capabilities, and regional collaboration on economic outcomes. Findings reveal that, while India demonstrates moderate readiness through policy initiatives such as the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme, significant gaps remain in R&D investment and advanced manufacturing. Kenya, though at an earlier stage, demonstrates potential through digital infrastructure projects like Konza Technopolis but faces foundational challenges in capacity building and policy alignment. The study further generalises the model to other high-tech sectors such as renewable energy, telecommunications, and artificial intelligence, offering a scalable framework for policymakers. By identifying priority areas and proposing a structured implementation roadmap, this study contributes actionable insights for emerging economies seeking to navigate technological transitions and build resilient, globally competitive high-tech industries.
The Intersection of Migration Management and National Security: A Comprehensive Analysis
(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS), 2025-06) Murimiri Mathai Kaburia; Cliff Obwogi
The study investigates how migration management and national security operate together specifically regarding Kenyan inbound and outbound migration patterns. The research evaluates how migration processes between different borders and forced movements affect both security stability within territories alongside standard regional stability levels. The research employs mixed data collection methods to evaluate governmental and community-based security expert data which specifically focuses on areas along borders and densely populated regions with high migrant activity. Risks stemming from both Somali and South Sudanese refugees entering/hosting countries as well as labor-intensive migration to Gulf Cooperation Council member states have emerged as major national security problems according to research results. According to the research border communities experience the most severe security consequences among bordering regions. Research supports the integration of security measures with humanitarian aspects for migration governance through the establishment of regional cooperation programs and policies that protect migrant rights. Recommendations to improve border security and enhance protection of migrants and develop migration-affected areas promote social stability and national security.
Linking Infrastructure to Livelihoods: Assessing the Influence of Infrastructure Development on Socio-Economic Security in Taita Taveta County, Kenya
(Journal International of Social Science & Humanities, 2025-07) Omondi, Truphosa Apondi; Raphael Z. Mwatela; Peterlinus O. Odote
This study investigated the influence of mega infrastructural development projects on socio-economic security in Taita Taveta County, Kenya, with a focus on road, rail, and housing sectors. Employing a descriptive cross sectional design, the research combined quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data from 414 respondents across Voi, Taveta, Mwatate, and Wundanyi sub-counties. The findings reveal that road and housing infrastructure have had a positive and statistically significant impact on socio-economic security by enhancing access to essential services, creating employment opportunities, and improving overall household welfare. In contrast, the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) project exhibited limited socio-economic benefits due to weak integration with local economic systems and minimal community engagement during planning and implementation. The study concludes that while infrastructure is a key enabler of development, its socio economic impact depends on equitable distribution, functionality, and local relevance. It recommends that future projects be guided by inclusive planning, targeted outreach to underserved areas, and alignment with local livelihoods to ensure sustainable and inclusive socio-economic gains.

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