National Defence College

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Cattle Rustling and Security Situation in Marsabit Central Sub County
(NDU-K, 2023) Khula Col Boru N
The study was to establish why there is persisted cattle rustling in Marsabit Central Sub County, what is the effect of cattle rustling on the security situation in Marsabit Central Sub- County and what are the nexus between policy practices and security as lasting solutions to cattle rustling in Marsabit Central Sub County. The study used Social Contract Theory and targeted the county government departments and county national government agencies, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, residents (community members), and politicians. These included the County Government Staff, politicians, local residents, National security personnel, community leaders and County Administration staff. The others included Community-based peace activists, NGOs that operate in Marsabit sub-county and religious leaders were also interviewed. Purposive sampling was used to select the respondents and key informants deemed to be knowledgeable on the subject of study. Then snowball sampling was adopted on the initial respondents to get subsequent respondents. Additionally, the study used quota sampling was used to determine the number of respondents from the various locations and agencies. Convenient sampling was used when respondents withdrew from the study or were unable to continue with the interview for various reasons. The study used questionnaires and interview guides to collect data from the respondents. The study used descriptive analysis methods and narration to analyze the collected data. The study establishes Cattle rustling in Marsabit sub-county can be attributed to traditional practice, insecurity increased in abundancies of pasture and water, administrative zoning, ethno politics, increased poverty and poor job distribution by the county government, corruption by security agencies, heard of cattle rustling and were also familiar with cattle rustling. The effects of cattle rustling include ethnic intolerance, increased insecurity, ethnic balkanization, increase in small arms and light weapons (SALW), Increased poverty and low standards of education. The insecurity in the areas in among the worst in the country and therefore need to be addressed. Finally, there is need for better approaches to cattle rustling other than the traditional ones that included peace building and restoration, police officers deployment, disarmament, arrest and prosecution, intelligence gathering, stopping illegal arms and livestock trade, laws and policy framework, community policing and free and compulsory education, were used to deter rustling. These findings therefore, empathizes the need for proper evaluation of the nexus between Policy and Development. The study recommended that there is need for application of the theory of change and behavior needs to be explored for a turning point both in behavior and cultural way of life that will be able to explore other livelihood alternatives. The security forces from both Kenya and other bordering countries need to review their security approaches in tackling cattle rustling in the area. There is also need of tightening security loopholes that continue to be taken advantage of by the cattle rustling. There is also need for common and collective regional approach by security forces from Kenya and other bordering countries in dealing with cattle rustling in the region. Lastly, there is need for empathizes and proper evaluation of the nexus between Policy and Development in order to develop policies that stresses the need for economic development as a solution to cattle rustling. need for compulsory education, increased vocational training to develop various skills and alternative livelihood as solutions to cattle rustling in Marsabit Sub-County. There is also need for the development of transport and communication infrastructure that are key to enable citizens in accessing legitimate livestock markets.
Health Tourism and Economic Development in Africa: A Case Study of Kenya
(NDU-K, 2023) George Githuka
Background: Realizing that tourism has a significant multiplier effect on economic growth, countries are developing innovative strategies to spur the industry. Promoting health tourism, which is the travel to a foreign country for medical treatment, has been identified as one of the strategies to boost economic development. Traditionally, health tourism has involved travel from less to more developed countries. This has changed in recent years, where patients' motivation for travel is to seek lower-priced medical treatments, medical services unavailable or non-licensed in the home country, or higher quality treatment. More patients are now traveling from more to less developed countries and between developing for medical treatment. Despite health tourism being on the rise globally, its adoption and scale-up have remained slow in many developing African countries. In Africa, for instance, despite the interest in medical travel, there have been very few studies on its potential for economic development. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess and examine health tourism and economic development in Africa using Kenya as a case study. It specifically aimed to; examine the emerging trends and patterns of health tourism in Africa, establish the challenges of health tourism in economic development in Kenya, and analyze the opportunities of health tourism for economic growth in Kenya. Theoretical framework: The study used the regionalism theory as the blueprint to approach health tourism. The recognized top destinations for health tourism globally have a significant proportion of their clients coming from countries in their neighborhood and member nations of Regional Economic Blocks with them. Health tourists consider the distance of travel, culture, language, quality, and treatment cost when selecting their destination country. Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive design where questionnaire-administered interviews were conducted with key tourism and health stakeholders from the public and private sectors. Results: In Africa, the number of tourists traveling into and within its nations for medical care has steadily increased in the last ten years. The leading destinations for health tourists in Africa are Egypt, Morroco, and Tunisia in the North and the Republic of South Africa in the South. Health tourist destinations such as Kenya, Nigeria, and Ghana are classified as emerging in the Eastern and Western regions of the continent. The leading challenges to health tourism for economic development in Kenya are; high overall cost, lack of marketing, low capacity, and the lack of appreciation of the potential as an economically viable sector. The leading opportunities for health tourism for economic development in Kenya are; a conducive policy environment, the status of Kenya in the region, a thriving tourism sector, and the country's cultural diversity. Recommendations: The study recommended convening of all health tourism stakeholders to strategize on the sector's growth to achieve the “Kenya Vision 2030” target of being the region's leading destination for health travelers.
China's Influence on the Greater Horn of Africa Security Landscape: A Case of Kenya Between 2002 and 2022
(NDU-K, 2023) Mburu Col Victor N
China is lauded for the exponential growth it has achieved over the last four decades. For this reason, it gained the status of a global superpower and gradually it is emerging as a global security actor, a position long-held by the USA. For many years, it has been a bilateral partner to many African nations, particularly in trade and investment. China has an influence on the security landscape of the Greater Horn of Africa. This is a region of geostrategic importance, but it faces multiple security challenges that threaten its stability and that of the wider African continent. To determine whether China should take up greater security role of this region, this study undertook to establish the influence China has on the security landscape of this region. Generally, this research investigated China’s influence on the Greater Horn of Africa security landscape using the case study of Kenya from 2002 and 2022. Specifically, the study assessed: reasons for China’s interests in the Greater Horn of Africa security; China’s interests and their influence on the Kenya-China security relations from 2002-2022; and challenges and opportunities that exist for greater Kenya-China cooperation on security. The study was guided by Realism and Constructivism theories. A case study design was utilized and relevant data collected. Analysis was conducted on both the secondary and primary date from questionnaires and interview guide. It was established that China wants to play a bigger role in the security of the Greater Horn of Africa because of its interest in the region’s natural resources. These include the oil and gas resources. It was also determined that China wants to safeguard its present and prospective investments and trading engagements in the Greater Horn of Africa. China however is not seeking to exert dominance in the region but to establish a win-win situation with its partners in the region. The study also found out that China’s impact in the military and economic security of Kenya between 2000 and 2022 was significant. Several challenges were also identified from this relationship including persistent balance of trade deficit, adverse impact of Chinese goods on Kenya’s manufacturing sector, and the competition posed by Chinese SMEs against the Kenyan-owned SMEs. These can be overcome using systemic solutions. The study also established that China offers diverse opportunities that Kenya could exploit to enhance its military and economic security. These included opportunities for increased trade, technology transfer, greater security cooperation, and tourism. Overall, China’s influence on Kenya’s security landscape is vividly clear through the trading relations between the two nations, China FDI inflows in Kenya, supplies of Chinese military hardware, provision of training opportunities to Kenya’s military, and military exchanges between the two states.
Impact of Regionalism on the National Security of East Africa Community Member States: A Case Study of Kenya
(NDU-K, 2023) Mitoko Collins O
The primary goal of the study is to determine how regionalism affects the sense of national security among members of the East Africa Community by using a case study of Kenya. Three specific goals of the study included ascertaining the impact of regionalism on the national security of the East African community member states, the benefits and challenges of regionalism for Kenya and determining the socioeconomic repercussions of regionalism on the country's national security as well as its effects on other members of the East African Community. Hegemonic Conflict and Change, a theory developed by Robert Gilpin, served as the study's theoretical foundation. Investigative study was conducted using a technique called exploratory research. Senior military officers from the Kenyan Defense Forces, senior staff from Kenya's Ministry of East African and Regional Development, representatives from the embassies of Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and South Sudan were among the target population. The data was gathered using both surveys and interviews. The data analysis methodology employed both quantitative and qualitative data analysis methodologies. The analysis's outcomes were represented graphically using pie charts, bar graphs, and statistics graphs. The results show that respondents think regionalism has rekindled earlier East African Community (EAC) cooperation. National security and EAC regionalism had a favorable and important relationship. National security benefited greatly and significantly from regionalism's socioeconomic implications. In the past, there was a stronger and more significant association between the socioeconomic effects of regionalism and Kenya's regression coefficient. For Kenya, there is a positive and significant correlation between national security and the benefits and challenges of regionalism. The study's findings demonstrate that the long-standing cooperation between the EAC and regionalism has been rekindled. It demonstrates that in order to safeguard regional national security, Kenya and the other EAC member states must expedite the pace of socioeconomic development in each of their individual countries. According to the study's findings, Kenya should continue emphasizing the potential advantages of regionalism as a foundation for leveraging the national security of its people. The report encouraged the EAC's member nations to consistently support it financially and by putting in place the required processes in order to sustain regional peace and security. The study came to the conclusion that additional work should be done in this area since the socio-economic requirements of the EAC region serve as a road-map for addressing the region's security challenges. The study suggests that Kenya should take advantage of its tremendous economic influence as a developing member of the EAC in order to boost benefits for both its people's national security and the welfare of the entire population.
Influence of Multi-agency Cooperation on Kenya’s National Security, 2002-2022
(NDU-K, 2023) Boit Christopher T
Changing societal, economic, and political times continue to herald new realities to the national safety and security of nations. To address the security challenges and threats that emerge there because, nations have had to adopt contemporary perspectives. One of the most common and fruitful of these perspectives - in the Kenyan national security setup, is that of multi-agency cooperation (MAC). However, the country lacks a unitary regulatory framework to guide the operationalization of such cooperative undertakings. This descriptive and cross-sectional inquiry examined the collaboration of multiple agencies in the management of national security concerns within Kenya, as well as the enabling tools and approaches thereto. The study sought the input of 111 high-level participants drawn from the National Security Organizations (NSOs) within Kenya through the snowballing sampling procedure. From their feedback, the study established that MAC in Kenya is determined by a host of factors including: trends in crime and criminology; resource constraints amongst agencies; and the sheer number of operators within the national security sector. The study also established that existing gaps in training and capability of each agency/service, the variations in institutional realities and expertise, and the existence of political goodwill also support MAC in Kenya’s national security environment. Data from the study indicates that MAC in Kenya is characterized by the sharing of information/intelligence, attempts at capacity building, and greater pursuit of resource sharing amongst line agencies. Similarly, multi-agency cooperation in Kenya is also characterized by the coordination of interventions and collaborative operations. During the study, it also emerged that MAC in Kenya is structured at the cabinet level, but also often takes the peer-to-peer collaboration approach. Other formats of MAC include the in-group approach, and the outsider-insider approach. Finally, the research confirmed the presence of specific legal, policy, and institutional frameworks that guide and enable MAC within Kenya. At its conclusion, the study proposes the adoption of the BOIT model, an approach to multi-agency cooperation that involves blending outsider insights and techniques, as a way of enhancing operational effectiveness and outcomes. In particular, the study lobbies for the establishment of a Multi-Agency Steering Authority (MASC) as the core driver of the BOIT model. The proposed committee would be domiciled under the NSC. Keywords: Multi-Agency Cooperation (MAC), National Security, Violent Extremism, Collaborative Framework, Deterrent Measures, Counter-Terrorism, National Security Organizations (NSOs), Multi Agency Steering Committee (MASC).
Factors Contributing to Youth-bulge Related Crime in Uganda
(NDU-K, 2023) Niwamanya Johnson
This thesis examines the complex problem of youth bulge-related crime in Uganda, emphasizing the role played by migration from rural to urban areas, urbanization, and unemployment. At an average yearly growth rate of approximately 3.29%, Uganda boasts one of the highest population growth rates globally. With a mean age of barely 19, the nation also has one of the youngest populations in the world. Of the overall population of the nation, 31.2 million are under 30 years old, making up 78% of the population. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combined surveys and quantitative data analysis with qualitative interviews. With a focus on Kampala City and utilizing information from primary and secondary sources, the study's conclusions highlight the intricate interactions between these factors and how they affect youth engagement in criminal activity. The study findings indicate that high levels of unemployment among the youth; youth rural-urban migration and conditions of urbanization that the youth are exposed to are the driving factors forcing the youth to engage in youth bulge related criminal activities manifested through political riots, robbery and theft, among others. Based on the data, it was determined that the Ugandan government's inability to take advantage of the youth bulge and turn it into a productive labor force for socioeconomic transformation instead has the unfavorable effect of encouraging youth-related criminal activity. The study proffers a raft of recommendations that the government and policy makers may consider so as to reap dividends from the existing youth bulge. These include reforming the education curriculum so as to produce education graduates with technical and professional skills required in the job market; providing startup capital for the youth; establishment of business incubation centers to support business start ups by the youth; and institutionalizing the National Youth Service from where the youth are given lifelong skills training to shape them into productive citizens for national development is critical. Key words: National Youth Service, youth development and youth-bulge
Impact of Development on Security: A Case Study of Marsabit County, Kenya
(NDU-K, 2023) Sokobe Titus G
The arid and semi-arid parts of Northern Kenya have been experiencing insecurity for decades. Moreover, the region has been marginalized and suffers from gross underdevelopment as compared to the rest of the country. The resident communities often engage in conflicts over scarce natural resources such as water and pasture. The study, therefore, sought to explore the nexus between development and security. Specifically, the study sought to examine how poor road infrastructure, education, and lack of alternative sources of livelihood impacted security. The problem of insecurity has been persistent despite various government interventions. The study thus sought to analyse the nexus between underdevelopment and security to provide a long-term solution to these security challenges. The findings would be useful to academia and the government particularly the policymakers as well as the local community. A pragmatic research design was adopted which combines the advantages of both descriptive research design and qualitative research. Aspects of descriptive research design were also used as this enabled the researcher to explore the concepts and capture the respondents' views more clearly. The target population consisted of 250 respondents included; Marsabit County Government officials. Community leaders, Local Non-Governmental Organizations, Community Based Organizations, National Police Service, and Kenya Defence Forces forces deployed in the area. Data was collected through the use of questionnaires and in-depth interviews, particularly for county senior leadership. The data collected was then analysed using both quantitative and qualitative techniques and the results were presented descriptively and using a graphical presentation. The study investigated the impact of poor road infrastructure, access to education, and reliance on livestock farming on security. The findings indicated that there is a direct correlation between security and poor road infrastructure, access to education, and overreliance on livestock farming. The study recommended that to address the recurrent insecurity challenges, the government should develop the area through the construction of motorable roads, enhance the access to basic education and empower the communities economically to diversify their sources of livelihood.
Third Party Data Sharing and Tax Compliance for Economic Security in Kenya
(NDU-K, 2023) Ndirangu Naomi W
Third-party data sharing involves the exchange of data between entities that are not directly involved in a transaction or relationship. In the context of tax compliance, it typically involves the sharing of information by employers, financial institutions, and other entities with tax authorities. This paper reviewed the sharing of taxpayer specific information between Government agencies or Public Sector in Kenya, a concept that has emerged over the last few years with automation of the revenue services such as online registration and filing of tax declarations. This is due to the fact that, despite the recent focus towards strengthening sharing of information and information exchange, the area of impact of an integrated data approach towards revenue mobilization has largely remained un-noticed in public finance literature. This paper provides an overview of information sharing, through third party data sharing to enhance tax compliance. This was achieved through review of practical concepts and issues on third party data sharing, theorizing on impact of information sharing and providing insights for enhanced tax compliance, increased revenue collection and ultimately enhanced revenue mobilization for the country. Relatedly, the paper also discusses how the systems used for automatic third party data sharing combined with data analytics can help improve compliance. The researcher selected participants for the study using purposive sampling based on specific criteria. The responses from the questionnaires were examined and analyzed to identify any connections or relationships among and between categories. The resulting data was then summarized and organized into a coherent whole to describe and interpret the findings related to the principal-agent relationship. One significant finding was that third party data sharing has a significant impact on tax compliance through provision, to tax authorities, of access to more information about taxpayers. Key recommendation is that there is need for enactment and legislation of laws and policies that promote inter-agency sharing of data as well as improvement of the data sharing frameworks in order to enhance tax compliance, and the country’s revenue collection and thereby improve the country’s economic security.
Emotional Intelligence and Employee Productivity in the National Police Service, Case of Nairobi County Kenya
(NDU-K, 2023) Kangogo Reuben K
Law enforcement is a highly complex profession that is faced with a high demand for leadership and professionalism since they engage with diverse population in their daily running of activities. Police officers’ productivity can be affected by many factors owing to the nature of the job. Having to work in a stressful environment affects the way they make decisions and execute their tasks. When employees are aware of their surroundings and the impact of maintaining their relations, they will manage the situations more decently than having random outbursts while at work. The study assessed the connection betwixt emotional intelligence (EI) and employee productivity (EP) in the NPS in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study stressed on three objectives, including ―self-awareness, social awareness, and relationship management‖, to understand how these aspects of emotional intelligence influence employee productivity. A quantitative research design was adopted, and a sample size of 351 officers used. Further a descriptive research design was also adopted and the target population was 2883 police officers currently working in Nairobi County. Using proportionate random sampling, the sample size consequently comprised of 36 Gazetted police officers, 68 members of inspectorate, 95 Non commissioned officers and 152 junior officers to make a total sample of 351 officers. Self-structured questionnaires were utilized to gather data and, modified to include both EI and EP elements and interview guides. Reliability of the research tools was tested and Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient of reliability was computed and found to be 0.7. Validity of the data collection instruments was ascertained through expert review. SPSS was adopted to analyze primary data. The results of the study show that, ―self-awareness, social awareness, and relationship management‖, have a remarkable effect on employee productivity among NPS officers in Nairobi County, Kenya. Self-awareness had positive impact on employee productivity, with the promotion of self-awareness among officer’s leads to an increase in productivity. Social awareness also had a positive impact on employee productivity, and can be used as a predictor of employee productivity. Relationship management also has a sturdy positive interconnection with employee productivity, and the coefficient of determination indicated that 12% of the variation in employee productivity was explained by relationship management. The findings reveal that, that emotional intelligence significantly impacted on employee productivity in the NPS. It is hence recommended that emotional intelligence training programs should be developed to enhance the emotional intelligence of NPS officers. Further research can be conducted to examine the effect of emotional intelligence training programs on employee productivity in the NPS.
Role of Civil Society Organizations in Countering Violent Extremism: Case of Coast Region, Kenya
(NDU-K, 2023) Musyimi John K
There are numerous research gaps on the contributions of different actors in the fight against violent extremism and that is why my research thesis will critically evaluate the role of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) in the Coastal region of Kenya. The African continent has experienced several incidences of violent extremism and scary instances of terror attacks in different regions. Kenya has experienced numerous terror attacks across the national boundaries and within the capital city prompting the need to focus on the effective mechanisms that can address severe security threats and deal with terrorism that has resulted in deaths, destruction of property and radicalization of people leading to war and instability. It is based on this understating that this study intends to rally policy makers and academia on the role of CSOs in CVE. This research employed Soft Power Model and asserts that social cohesion can be used to deter vices such as crime, terrorism and violent extremism that threaten community cohesion. Social cohesion is a form of social capital that advocates and promotes a sense of belonging in the community, social justice, sense of worth, participation and acceptance as a member of a given community. This research employed case study that focused mainly on the Coastal region of Kenya, which has been most affected by terrorism activities. The research study analyzes the critical roles played by various CSOs in CVE at the Coast region of Kenya and the potential challenges limiting their contributions in countering violent extremism. It was established that limited engagement and consultations with the government, laws and regulatory frameworks, financial and administrative challenges are some of the challenges limiting the contributions of CSOs in CVE. The information gathered from the CSOs was collaborated by expert’s opinion from terrorism and security sector such as Kenya Defence Forces, Kenya Prison Service, Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government, National Counter-Terrorism Center (NCTC), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, National Intelligence Services and National Police Service. The study therefore applied a systematic sampling to generate the targeted research respondents. The study used both primary and secondary data sources to gather relevant information on the topic. Questionnaires and informant Interview guide were the major primary sources of data. Secondary sources of data such as books, magazines, reports, periodicals, journals and articles were also used to provide specific information on different matters of concern. The collected data was analyzed using effective techniques such as document and content analysis to confirm the hypothesis that CSOs play an active role in CVE and establish the limitations of operations towards enhancing security in the coastal region of Kenya. The content analysis was seeking-out the themes that describe the role of CSOs in CVE in the Coastal region. The final results of the study were presented using bar graphs, pie chart, frequency tables and narrative. Finally, this research adhered to the research standards and the guidance of the supervisor.
Effects of Persistent Inter-ethnic Conflicts on Socio Economic Development in Isiolo County, Kenya
(NDU-K, 2023) Kariithi Charles A
The study sought to investigate the effects of persistent inter-ethnic conflicts on the socio economic development of Isiolo County. Specifically, the study assessed key drivers of persistent inter-ethnic conflicts in Isiolo County, examine the effects of persistent inter-ethnic conflicts on socio-economic development in Isiolo County and established public policy interventions on inter-ethnic conflict in Isiolo County. The study used theoretical framework based on conflict theory as most appropriate and suitable after critically reviewing other theories in theoretical literature such as Constructivism Theory, Instrumentalism and the Game Theory in order to identify the effect of inter-ethnic conflicts in Isiolo County. The study employed descriptive research designed and used stratified random sampling and purposive sampling methods to select 399 out of 3,950 respondents. The data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed through descriptive statistical analysis methods that include frequency and percentage. The study established that Increased population, water resources, Competition of Grazing Resources, Land ownership and un-resolved boundary demarcations, Increased population, Cross border migration, Access to mineral resources, Climate change, Cultural practices Historical political exclusion and representations and Economic marginalization to be the drivers of inter-ethnic conflict. The effects of inter-ethnic conflict included increased poverty, low income due to insecurity, dropping in quality of life and overall low economic development in the area. Policy interventions suggested by the study included among others the national and county government should focus on infrastructural development to open the area for transport, trade, and development. Improving the road network and constructing feeder roads to the main roads, bridges, and all-weather roads will also open the proposed villages to economic opportunities with the outside world, there is a need to work closely with the NGOs in the area to enhance civic education on the negative effects of inter ethnic conflict and identify specific cultural practice that promote such conflict including cattle rustling.
Military Diplomacy and the Enhancement of Foreign Policy Aspirations in Africa: The Case of Kenya- South Africa Relations
(NDU-K, 2023) Limo Peter K
The world is today more than ever before fixated on the subject of development, which is taken as a process of change, requiring adjustments in the societies of the developing and developed countries. This calls for profound changes in diplomatic discourse and structure of the relations among different states of the world. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine military diplomacy in the enhancement of foreign policy aspirations in Africa using the case of Kenya-South Africa relations. This research aims to churn-out new information to add onto the body of knowledge to examine military diplomacy in the enhancement of foreign policy. Military diplomacy can be defined as a set of activities carried out mainly by the representatives of the defence department, as well as other state institutions, aimed at pursuing the foreign policy interests of the state in the field of security and defence policy, and whose actions are based on the use of diplomacy to advance national interests. This study utilized Institutional theory and the Soft Power Model, the Institutional theory traces its origins back to foundational articles that discussed how organizational founding and change were driven less by functional considerations and more by symbolic actions and external influences. The target population were experts’ development, diplomacy and defence in both Kenya and South Africa. They included International Relations (IR) practitioners, government agencies, diplomats, Kenya Defence Forces, National Intelligence Service, academia, media, journalists, envoys, and other experts. The primary data was collected using an open and close ended questionnaire, while secondary data was collected through articles, journal, periodicals and books. This study established that Kenya’s foreign policy aspirations are centralized on strengthening the Kenya-South ties by the institutionalization of policy making, channeling economic and national development and setting up a security sector reform policy committee synergized with an informal interdepartmental strategy. The military plays a great role in defence diplomacy by serving specific national, foreign and security policy objectives, it creates sustainable cooperative relationships, thereby building trust and facilitating conflict prevention, introducing transparency into defence relations. However, the military is not accorded its rightful status. For defence diplomacy and its actors to achieve greater participation in foreign policy, diplomacy needs to be powered by partnership, pragmatism, and principle.
Conflict Dynamics in Laikipia County, Kenya: Causes, Impacts, and Resolution Strategies
(NDU-K, 2023) Maina Alex K
There have been several instances of low-intensity conflict (LIC) around the world, including in Latin America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. In Kenya several incidences of insurgencies, banditry and ethnic conflicts have occurred causing untold human suffering and loss of property. These conflicts have been persistent and intractable in nature. Many remedies and mitigating techniques have been tried, with some success. This study therefore aimed to examine causes and effects of insecurity in Laikipia County and proposes security strategies. The study was based on Edward Azar's Protracted Social Conflict Theory and Resource Scarcity Theory. The study used secondary data, reviewing existing literatures from other studies. The study findings indicated that political incitements, the proliferation of small arms, unequal land ownership and tenure, and marginalization were among the core causes of conflicts in Laikipia County. Conflicts in Laikipia County have a variety of effects, including decreased food production, property destruction, the loss of young, active males, school closures, disruptions in the delivery of medical care, and the spread of small guns and light weapons, among others. Attempted conflict management approaches in Laikipia County include dialogue, mediation, peace workshops, arbitration, peace meetings, psychosocial counselling, humanitarian assistance, disarmament and livestock control measures such as branding and embargoes. The study concluded that whereas some causes of conflicts in Laikipia County have been identified, the root causes have not been well highlighted and singled out and that there have been profound negative impacts on socio-economic aspects of the County. The study recommended that the Laikipia County administration creates a comprehensive framework for conflict resolution that combines formal and informal methods in order to address the main causes of conflict - land tenure and marginalization. The policy should blend formal and conventional dispute resolution techniques. The Ministry of Interior should set up long-term security agencies that are well-equipped, with a strong intelligence framework for early warning to stop the spread of small guns and lessen criminal activity. In order to improve compliance with Chapter 6 of the Kenyan Constitution 2010, the National government should create a permanent vetting board presided over by the Director of Military Intelligence (DMI) and Director National Intelligence Service (NIS).
Green Initiatives and Sustainable Development in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Kenya (2014-2020)
(NDU-K, 2023) Kimondiu Peter M
The changing global demographics place varying demands on food, water, energy, services etc. This creates corresponding pressures in complying with the environmental norms for sustainable development and attaining performance targets with the ever finite resources. Although this is cross cutting, developing countries are the most affected requiring a radical shift to attain growth and development. It is against this backdrop for utilisation of environmental resources that pursuit for green economy initiatives for sustainable future has been embraced. For this reason, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) launched the Green Economy Initiative in 2008. Green initiative introduces a new approach to economic growth putting human beings at the core of development. Developing countries have embraced green initiatives for sustainable development but with ranging impacts and challenges realised. Kenya, has integrated green initiatives into her development agenda, Vision 2030. The question remains how far Kenya has been able to achieve sustainable development through green initiatives. This study therefore sought to investigate the extent to which green initiatives have contributed to sustainable development in Kenya. The study examines specifically, how green initiatives relate to sustainable development in developing countries. It also analysed the roles institutional frameworks play in implementation of the green economy strategies in Kenya. It then determined the challenges and opportunities that exist as Kenya seeks to implement green initiatives for sustainable development. The study adopted Green Economy Theory and Neo-liberalism Theory. It adopted case study research design with Kenya as the focus. This study targeted 12 administrators and policy makers of institutions tasked with responding to climate change and green economy initiatives. This study utilised both primary and secondary data collection approaches. The instruments used in the field survey included key informant interviews and questionnaires. Data was analysed numerically and non-numerically in every classification where non-numerical data was analysed qualitatively, while obtained numerical data was subjected to quantitative analysis. Kenya has continued to demonstrate its commitment on achieving green economy through developing, adoption and implementing policies. With specialised policies for implementing green economies, Kenya has demonstrated its commitment to green initiatives as a means of achieving the global agenda on sustainable development. However, while there is significant progress, a lot still remains unachieved. The study concludes that there are indications of wide acceptance and adoption of green initiatives to achieve sustainable development. However, while some developing countries have committed to improving social, economic and environmental status in line with SDGs, there are limitations to reducing the achievement of sustainable development. The study recommends that developing countries, Kenya inclusive should focus on monitoring and evaluation frameworks that support the identification of well elaborated findings limiting effective adoption and implementation of green initiatives.
Effect of Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons on Kenya’s National Security. A Case Study of West Pokot County.
(NDU-K, 2023) Nthiga Josphat N
Unchecked proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs) is a major threat to national, regional and international security. There are various causes for proliferation of illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons which include: diversion from national stockpiles of different countries as a result of civil wars, and circulated through arms trafficking to various parts of the world, those smuggled by arms manufacturers, illegal sale by security officers among others. Global, regional and national estimates of illicit arms outweigh the legal government arms held by the military and law enforcement agencies hence this explains insecurity in various parts of the world. In Kenya as a result of neighborhood with countries that experience internal political turmoil, proliferation of illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons has been very rampant. Pastoralist communities in the Arid and Semi-Arid areas of Northern Kenya are the most affected and this has resulted to perennial insecurity in that region with resultant underdevelopment and national insecurity. This study was therefore undertaken to determine the effect of proliferation of illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons on Kenya’s national security in order to come up with policy recommendations that can be adopted to arrest the situation. The research was undertaken in four Sub Counties of West Pokot County that are most inflicted with illicit SALWs insecurity. Data was collected through interviews and questionnaires using sample sizes of thirty and one hundred and ten respondents respectively. A pragmatic research design was adopted with triangulation approach applied in data collection, presentation, and analysis. The study considered two theories; Social Identity Theory and Rational Choice Theory to establish the drivers of proliferation of illicit SALWs amongst civilians in spite of the government providing security to its citizens. The objectives of the study were; to examine the impact of proliferation of illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs) on Kenya’s National Security, to assess the effects of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) instruments on illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons’ proliferation control on National Security in West Pokot County, and to find out the security measures to counter illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons proliferation that have been adopted to enhance National Security in West Pokot County. From the research findings, it was established that proliferation of illicit SALWs had adversely affected national security. Alternative Dispute Resolution instruments applied by various stakeholders were found to have significantly contributed to alleviation of this national vice. However, the efforts undertaken by national security organs in alleviating proliferation through law enforcement approaches were reported to have been ineffective, though those that applied participatory soft enforcement strategies had some levels of success. Both the law enforcement, and Alternative Dispute Resolution approaches were hindered by constraints that if addressed could boost the fight against illicit SALWs proliferation in Kenya. Various policies were recommended to reduce proliferation of illicit SALWs in West Pokot County and these were; sustained security operations, supporting ADR efforts, strategic deployment of formed up police units accompanied by modern technological advancements, uniform implementation of government security directives, infrastructural developments, and regional cooperation.
The Effects of Tuberculosis on Youth Productivity in Promoting National Development in Kenya
(NDU-K, 2023) Dr. Caroline Asin
This study looked at the effects of Tuberculosis on youth productivity in promoting national development in Kenya. The study acknowledges that the youth in Kenya suffer the burden of Tuberculosis and consequently limited job opportunities. Empirical evidence for the study has been drawn from previous research, government reports and articles from various parts of the world. The study’s objectives were to investigate the effects of TB on youth productivity in promoting national development, evaluate the challenges faced in managing Tuberculosis as well as the current approaches being used to manage Tuberculosis in Kenya. The findings of this research paper were attained through cross-sectional study design. In this design, the challenges in the management of Tuberculosis amongst the youth and young adults in Kenya were investigated. The sample size was identified through the Krejicie and Morgan (1970) table which shows that when the population is over 1 million, then the sample size is 384. Further, Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) argues that sample sizes of 10 to 30 per cent are sufficient for data analysis. Therefore, this study used 15% of the sample size, which was 59 respondents. The rest, 10 respondents were caregivers, nurses and doctors from whom data was collected by use of a key informant guide. Two data collection enumerators were recruited through the TB centres and data was collected through administering digital questionnaires to the respondents. The collected data was uploaded in Kobo collect server and later exported to excel CSV file for cleaning. This was then later exported to SPSS for analysis. Descriptive statistics were generated by SPSS. The narratives were analyzed according to topics and themes. The data was presented in percentages, tables and narratives. The study found out that TB causes negative effects on the socioeconomic aspects of the youth. Some of the challenges faced in the management of TB in the youth in Kenya are poor access to health facilities, lack of income, HIV infections, substance abuse, poor housing, poverty and poor implementation of policies by the government. The study recommends awareness creation amongst the youth on the importance of adhering to TB medication and establishing sustainable partnerships with the government for implementation of policies on TB prevention and management. This study has therefore generated several recommendations. One of them is that the government should create more avenues and programs that engage the youth that are infected or affected with TB like the Kazi kwa vijana program which is specifically for the youth. The government can also introduce a program to facilitate all TB patients with finances for transport so that they do not fail to attend their clinic days. Currently, this support is only given to the MDR TB patients through donor funds yet even those patients with drug sensitive TB face several financial hardships. The study recommends awareness creation amongst the youth on the importance of adhering to TB medication and establishing sustainable partnerships with the government for implementation of policies on TB prevention and management.
Evaluation of Post Covid-19 Recovery Strategies on Tourism Sustainability at Kenya Wildlife Service.
(NDU-K, 2023) Makosi Lucia N
Background. This study evaluated the post Covid -19 recovery strategies on tourism sustainability in I Kenya but with an inclination to Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS). Kenya Wildlife Service is the body that is mandated with protection of wildlife in the country. The post Covid-19 strategies were initiated by the Government of Kenya and implemented by relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies. Strategies bestowed upon the Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife were therefore cascaded down to the various sectors under the Ministry ,key among the identified implementers being Kenya Wildlife Service; which is the major wildlife based tourism actor in the country. The study integrated knowledge from past pandemics in relation to tourism and general economic sustainability in a bid to understand the possible common impacts of pandemics under similar conditions. Objectives. The study objectives included:-to identify the post Covid-19 tourism responses, to examine the Post Covid-19 tourism recovery indicators and to assess the post Covid-19 opportunities for tourism sustainability in Kenya Wildlife Service. Research Methodology. The study used a cross-sectional case study with a sample size of 85 individuals selected randomly from Kenya Wildlife Service, hoteliers, visitors and private tourism stakeholders within close proximity to the selected National Parks and Reserves in Kenya. Data collection was through a survey method involving both structured and non-structured questions. Data analysis was done through qualitative and quantitative techniques using computer programmes and presented in graphs, charts and tables. Study Findings. Findings based on the first objective: the study found that the sector employed various responses including policy a financial with the aim of reviving the sector. Findings based on the second objective: the study found marketing was the main strategy used with the aim of boosting the domestic tourism. Findings based on the third objective which to assess the post Covid -19 tourism opportunities identified domestic tourism, reduction in levies and fees, product diversification and embracing regional tourism opportunities. Conclusion. The study concluded that, the objectives could only be achieved by getting the global and local industry responses, indicators of the sector recovery and the sector sustainability opportunities presented by the pandemic. This study involved a survey at Kenya Wildlife Service as a government agency mandated with wildlife conservation and management hence anchoring the key wildlife-based tourism. Sustainability and reliability of the general tourism sector in the wake of various setbacks like natural catastrophes and global pandemic was a concern that led to seeking opinion of the sector managers. This drew the research to the pre- Covid 19 tourism performance trends, the change in the general tourism landscape including the new opportunities presented by the pandemic based on the response, recovery, resilience and the reforms in adapting to the new normal. Key Words: Covid-19, sustainability, resilience, strategies, opportunities
Financial Inclusion and Economic Security of East African Community States
(NDU-K, 2023) Kerage Peter M
Financial inclusion is a key pillar for financial deepening which a necessary condition for promoting national security and inclusive economic growth. Using panel data for the years 2012 to 2021, this paper explored the interplay between financial inclusion and economic security of East African Community (EAC) States. Three financial inclusion dimensions were considered, namely, usage, penetration, and availability dimensions. Furthermore, the researcher developed a composite financial inclusion index to assess the overall influence of financial inclusion components on economic security. Inflation rate, trade openness and population growth rate were incorporated in the models as control variables. Data was collected from the World Development Indicators (WDI) of the World Bank and the Financial Access Survey (FAS) of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Three countries (Rwanda, Uganda, and Kenya) were selected based on availability of consistent representative data. The study employed the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) as a data analysis model. The study established that availability dimension of financial inclusion, usage dimension of financial inclusion and composite dimension of financial inclusion significantly and positively impact economic security while penetration dimension of financial inclusion improves economic security but not significantly. Furthermore, the number of bank branches, ATMs, mobile money agent outlets, mobile money transactions, outstanding deposits and moderate inflation significantly foster economic security. Findings for mobile money accounts and bank deposit accounts weaken economic security. It is recommended that EAC governments must champion for financial inclusion in their quest to combat terrorism and other criminal activities that potentially arise from financial exclusion; increase the number of credit reference bureaus (CRBs) in subregion to deal with information asymmetry and establishment of a National Commission on Financial Inclusion under the National Treasury (NT) to synchronize financial inclusion-related laws, rules, programs, and initiatives.
The Role of Community Policing in Curbing the Proliferation of Illicit Arms in Kenya: The Case of Kibra Sub-county in Nairobi County
(NDU-K, 2023) Parmeres Askah J
Throughout the course of history, there has been persistent exacerbation of the predicament face by civilians worldwide due the widespread and unlawful proliferation of illicit firearms, which remains a threat to the maintenance of global peace and security. The prevalence of violence and crime continue to pose a significant and enduring challenge to progress and growth everywhere, but especially in metropolitan areas. Notably, the prevalence of illicit firearms derails the fulfilment of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Target 16.4 of Objective 16, which aims to stop the flow of illegal weapons and combat organized crime. Since the SDGs are interrelated, attaining this Objective will advance the achievement of the other SDGs. The widespread circulation of illegal weapons poses a severe threat to Kenya's national security as well as the protection of its citizens. Community policing (CP) has become a crucial strategy in tackling the proliferation of illicit arms, even though law enforcement organizations are responsible for doing so. In order to improve human security, CP places a strong emphasis on collaborative relationships between the community and law enforcement agencies. In several countries around the world, including Kenya, the campaign has proved effective in lowering crime rates. CP’s efficacy in stopping the spread of illegal armaments, however, is not well-known. From the foregoing, the study set to explore the potential of CP as a strategy to effectively address the issue of illicit arms proliferation in Kenya, with a specific focus on Kibra Sub-County in Nairobi County. This study aims to add to new knowledge to fill in the gaps with regards to the precise manner in which CP can be utilized to promote an illicit gun-free society in Kenya. In its three objectives, the study analyzed CP's contribution to the discovery of illegal weapons, evaluated CP's involvement in the hunt for illegal weapons and assessed its participation in breaking up illegal arms gangs in Kibra Sub-County. This research used systems theory, credited to Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972), to explain the manner in which communitypolice relations impact on the efficacy of CP as a strategy for contending with illicit arms problem. The project utilized an exploratory survey as the study design. This research employed both qualitative and quantitative study approaches, thus allow the research to gather a mix of primary and secondary data. Using key informant interviews and survey questionnaires, the primary data were gathered from the study's population, comprising Police officers, CP cluster heads, and National Government Administrative Officials in Kibra Sub-County. The quantitative data were examined using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, and the qualitative data were reviewed thematically and descriptively, and later documented in form of bar graphs, pie charts, tables, and narratives. Findings from the study indicate that Police officers in Kibra Sub-County face significant challenges in detecting and investigating illegal arms, as well as disrupting illicit weapons’ cartels. The study also reveals that the effectiveness of CP has been hampered by inadequate integration and coordination among relevant stakeholders as well as strained relationships between the police and the general public. The study concludes that CP is at the centre of curbing illegal arms proliferations in Kibra, albeit the inherent challenges. As such, the detection and investigation of illegal SALWs as well as disruption on of illicit arms cartels in Kibra Sub-County heavily relies on police and public cooperation. This study recommends that addressing the challenges such as poor integration, strained police-community relationships, and limited resources and public awareness is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of CP in preventing the spread of illegal firearms. Additionally, the study recommends the implementation of reforms within the security sector to support CP efforts. By actively involving and empowering the community, CP can foster trust and cooperation, thereby making significant progress in tackling illicit arms proliferation and enhancing overall safety and security in Kibra.
Science, Technology and Innovation in Promoting Kenya’s Diplomacy
(NDU-K, 2023) Dr. Chumba Christopher
The potential for STI is now a critical pillar in national development, as well as foreign policy discourse. In Kenya, the advance towards various forms of diplomacy has been driven by the need to address socio-economic challenges. Yet, despite the STI Act of 2013 and the country’s efforts to harness this potential, there exists possible gaps in how STI can be utilized to promote diplomacy. Determining the function of science, technology, and innovation in advancing Kenya's diplomacy was the study's overarching goal. Establishing the present trends of STI in promoting diplomacy in Kenya; examining the relationship between science, technology, and innovation and diplomacy in Kenya; and looking at the institutional and policy framework of STI in promoting Kenya's diplomacy were the specific objectives. The study offers a springboard through which the government of Kenya can review the STI policy and strengthen the links between the STI institutional programs and the diplomacy for national economic growth. The study was grounded on institutional theory and positioning theory. A cross-sectional pragmatic research approach was used in this study. 30 experts from important organizations, including NACOSTI, KeNIA, The National Biosafety Authority (NBA), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), and Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), comprised the target population. Technical University of Kenya and Kenyatta University. Purposive sampling was used to select the study sample. Data was collected through semi structure questionnaires and interview guides. Secondary data was obtained from cases studies, journals and STI publications based on document analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data. The narratives of the respondents were evaluated, and important themes were developed, using a qualitative inductive approach. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data, and tables and charts were used to present the findings. The study established emerging STI trends, such as new technologies, Block-chain, IoT, AI, nanotechnology, big data and quantum technologies are being utilized under various missions and actors. In the health sector, vaccine research through bilateral relationships while GMO advances being riven by agricultural biotechnology to promote ttechnology transfer and strategic partnerships between Kenya and other developed nations. The study also found that STI is crucial for fostering bilateral scientific collaborations that support economic development, especially in the agricultural, energy, education, and health sectors. Furthermore, through international collaborations in green energy technology, STI has provided Kenya with a roadmap for its foreign policy decisions for the exploitation of research and development initiatives. The study revealed that there are gaps in policy, despite the fact that the relationship between STI and diplomacy has been used as a strategy to support national technical transfer and innovation systems. The study found out that STI Act in Kenya has not been overly effective in promoting Kenya’s diplomacy. STI policy still exist in draft format and suffers from weak collaborations across the various bodies that work in silos. The study recommended the need to launch capacity-building centers as an eye-opener for relevant government agencies to utilize the expertise and knowledge resources of the current STI trends. It also recommended the need for commissioning an STI policy agency at the MFA to support bilateral cooperation in areas, including education, energy and health. Future research regarding the spectrum of STI and diplomacy could explore the link between STI and human as well as global security dimensions and how they influence diplomacy.

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