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Item The Role of Community Policing in Curbing the Proliferation of Illicit Arms in Kenya: The Case of Kibra Sub-county in Nairobi County(NDU-K, 2023) Parmeres Askah JThroughout the course of history, there has been persistent exacerbation of the predicament face by civilians worldwide due the widespread and unlawful proliferation of illicit firearms, which remains a threat to the maintenance of global peace and security. The prevalence of violence and crime continue to pose a significant and enduring challenge to progress and growth everywhere, but especially in metropolitan areas. Notably, the prevalence of illicit firearms derails the fulfilment of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Target 16.4 of Objective 16, which aims to stop the flow of illegal weapons and combat organized crime. Since the SDGs are interrelated, attaining this Objective will advance the achievement of the other SDGs. The widespread circulation of illegal weapons poses a severe threat to Kenya's national security as well as the protection of its citizens. Community policing (CP) has become a crucial strategy in tackling the proliferation of illicit arms, even though law enforcement organizations are responsible for doing so. In order to improve human security, CP places a strong emphasis on collaborative relationships between the community and law enforcement agencies. In several countries around the world, including Kenya, the campaign has proved effective in lowering crime rates. CP’s efficacy in stopping the spread of illegal armaments, however, is not well-known. From the foregoing, the study set to explore the potential of CP as a strategy to effectively address the issue of illicit arms proliferation in Kenya, with a specific focus on Kibra Sub-County in Nairobi County. This study aims to add to new knowledge to fill in the gaps with regards to the precise manner in which CP can be utilized to promote an illicit gun-free society in Kenya. In its three objectives, the study analyzed CP's contribution to the discovery of illegal weapons, evaluated CP's involvement in the hunt for illegal weapons and assessed its participation in breaking up illegal arms gangs in Kibra Sub-County. This research used systems theory, credited to Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972), to explain the manner in which communitypolice relations impact on the efficacy of CP as a strategy for contending with illicit arms problem. The project utilized an exploratory survey as the study design. This research employed both qualitative and quantitative study approaches, thus allow the research to gather a mix of primary and secondary data. Using key informant interviews and survey questionnaires, the primary data were gathered from the study's population, comprising Police officers, CP cluster heads, and National Government Administrative Officials in Kibra Sub-County. The quantitative data were examined using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, and the qualitative data were reviewed thematically and descriptively, and later documented in form of bar graphs, pie charts, tables, and narratives. Findings from the study indicate that Police officers in Kibra Sub-County face significant challenges in detecting and investigating illegal arms, as well as disrupting illicit weapons’ cartels. The study also reveals that the effectiveness of CP has been hampered by inadequate integration and coordination among relevant stakeholders as well as strained relationships between the police and the general public. The study concludes that CP is at the centre of curbing illegal arms proliferations in Kibra, albeit the inherent challenges. As such, the detection and investigation of illegal SALWs as well as disruption on of illicit arms cartels in Kibra Sub-County heavily relies on police and public cooperation. This study recommends that addressing the challenges such as poor integration, strained police-community relationships, and limited resources and public awareness is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of CP in preventing the spread of illegal firearms. Additionally, the study recommends the implementation of reforms within the security sector to support CP efforts. By actively involving and empowering the community, CP can foster trust and cooperation, thereby making significant progress in tackling illicit arms proliferation and enhancing overall safety and security in Kibra.Item Mentorship Programmes and Military Performance Among the Kenya Defence Forces(NDU-K, 2023) Chirchir Emmanuel KMentorship is the foundation of any nations’ military professionalism and is usually the fabric of its organizational culture and leadership. Mentorship is particularly valuable for leadership development because it provides a safe space for the mentee to ask questions, seek advice, and receive feedback. Despite having the above-mentioned mix of ingredients for leadership development, mentorship has not been fully seized in the militaries as a useful tool for developing human capital. It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to examine the existing mentorship programmes in the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF), and assess their efficacy for leadership development in the Kenya Defence Forces. The objective of this study is to examine the concept of mentorship and its influence to leadership development in KDF. The thesis was anchored on the Servant Leadership Theory. Servant Leadership Theory is a leadership philosophy that emphasizes leaders’ responsibility to serve and empower their followers or team members, rather than asserting authority or control over them. The study established that, in KDF, mentorship programmes were not effective. The concept was unstructured and not properly operationalized. However, it was established that if properly implemented, mentorship programmes can be a powerful command tool for effective KDF leadership development. This can be achieved through a well-structured programme which in turn will lead to improved performance, efficiency and effectiveness. Equally, mentorship programmes in KDF foster commitment and retention in service. The study concluded that KDF being a fairly large and diverse organization, mentorship programmes can be executed in smaller groups units and sub-branches. There is need to institutionalize the programme through a policy because currently, only informal mentorship framework exists. KDF needs to deliberately initiate strategies to ground this concept amid the operational and financial commitments.Item China's Influence on the Greater Horn of Africa Security Landscape: A Case of Kenya Between 2002 and 2022(NDU-K, 2023) Mburu Col Victor NChina is lauded for the exponential growth it has achieved over the last four decades. For this reason, it gained the status of a global superpower and gradually it is emerging as a global security actor, a position long-held by the USA. For many years, it has been a bilateral partner to many African nations, particularly in trade and investment. China has an influence on the security landscape of the Greater Horn of Africa. This is a region of geostrategic importance, but it faces multiple security challenges that threaten its stability and that of the wider African continent. To determine whether China should take up greater security role of this region, this study undertook to establish the influence China has on the security landscape of this region. Generally, this research investigated China’s influence on the Greater Horn of Africa security landscape using the case study of Kenya from 2002 and 2022. Specifically, the study assessed: reasons for China’s interests in the Greater Horn of Africa security; China’s interests and their influence on the Kenya-China security relations from 2002-2022; and challenges and opportunities that exist for greater Kenya-China cooperation on security. The study was guided by Realism and Constructivism theories. A case study design was utilized and relevant data collected. Analysis was conducted on both the secondary and primary date from questionnaires and interview guide. It was established that China wants to play a bigger role in the security of the Greater Horn of Africa because of its interest in the region’s natural resources. These include the oil and gas resources. It was also determined that China wants to safeguard its present and prospective investments and trading engagements in the Greater Horn of Africa. China however is not seeking to exert dominance in the region but to establish a win-win situation with its partners in the region. The study also found out that China’s impact in the military and economic security of Kenya between 2000 and 2022 was significant. Several challenges were also identified from this relationship including persistent balance of trade deficit, adverse impact of Chinese goods on Kenya’s manufacturing sector, and the competition posed by Chinese SMEs against the Kenyan-owned SMEs. These can be overcome using systemic solutions. The study also established that China offers diverse opportunities that Kenya could exploit to enhance its military and economic security. These included opportunities for increased trade, technology transfer, greater security cooperation, and tourism. Overall, China’s influence on Kenya’s security landscape is vividly clear through the trading relations between the two nations, China FDI inflows in Kenya, supplies of Chinese military hardware, provision of training opportunities to Kenya’s military, and military exchanges between the two states.Item Strategising the Use of Drones in Modern Aerial Warfare For Indian Sub-continent(NDU-K, 2023)Drones have rapidly created a space for themselves in modern aerial warfare in the recent past. In the 21st Century Wars, they have been found to play key roles in creating favourable situations for the victors. They have evolved from under the shadow of manned aircraft and are extremely useful in modern aerial warfare. Many countries have timely invested in this technology and are reaping benefits. These countries include the pioneers of this technology such as Israel and the United States followed by Turkey, China, and Iran among others. Drones are being used in multiple roles by these countries that include ISR, BDA, and Air to Surface attacks. Drones have a lot of scope in the future as they will be used in roles of loyal wingmen, drone swarms, and even the delivery of WMDs. India is an emerging superpower in the South Asia region with the second-largest standing Army, the fifth-largest air force in the world, and an expanding Navy. It is surrounded by hostile neighbours and it needs to ensure that its strong military retains the technological edge. It needs to ensure that in the field of drones, it is at par if not ahead of its neighbours. This research aimed to strategise the use of drones in modern aerial warfare for Indian Subcontinent keeping the threat assessment in mind. Using the Theory of Realism, the study followed a mix of a quantitative and qualitative approach to assess the laid down objectives that included the study of the global evolution of drones, assessment of the roles and tasks that can be performed by drones in modern aerial warfare and analysis of effective employment of drones in various types of military campaigns keeping India at centre stage. The study found that drones have not been adopted doctrinally well, in the Air Power doctrine of IAF, to give the required emphasis on their usage and proper procurement and India lacks the strategic environment for research, development and domestic production of drones for aerial warfare. The study recommended that the Indian Air Force needs to doctrinally adopt drones in various roles for aerial warfare, lay down the specifications and requirements of drones for their procurement and development, and India must create an environment for the indigenous development of these war machines.Item Implications of Climate Change on National Security in Kenya: A Case Study of Marsabit County(NDU-K, 2024) Mohammed Abdul AThis research “ explored the impact of climate change on security in Marsabit County, Kenya. The study aimed to achieve three main objectives: (1) to assess how residents of Marsabit County perceive climate change, (2) to evaluate the impact of climate change on security in the county, and (3) to identify the adaptation strategies employed by the local population in response to climate-related challenges. A mixed-methods design was used, integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The research was conducted across the four sub-counties of Marsabit County—Laisamis, Saku, North Horr, and Moyale. ” Participants were drawn from a range of groups, including pastoralists, business owners, government and county officials, and staff from humanitarian organizations active in the area. Snowball and purposive sampling techniques were employed to select participants, with data collected through questionnaires and interviews. The analysis included both thematic and statistical methods. Ethical standards were maintained by securing informed consent from all participants before their involvement in the study.The findings revealed that pastoralism is the primary livelihood for most residents of Marsabit County. Climate change has adversely affected livelihood security by decreasing the availability of water and pasture, leading to heightened competition and land encroachment. This has consequently intensified conflict and insecurity within the region. ” To mitigate these challenges, local communities have diversified their economic and social activities, thereby reducing their reliance on pastoralism.The study recommends conducting further research on the effects of climate change on security in other counties to broaden the understanding and applicability of the findings.Item Assessing the Effectiveness of Savings and Credit Programs on Personnel Welfare in the Kenya Defence Forces(NDU-K, 2024) Kemei NehemiaThis study delves into a critical issue concerning the efficacy of defence savings and credit programs in bolstering the welfare of Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) personnel. In a landscape where financial security plays a pivotal role in the overall well-being of military members, understanding the nuances of these programs becomes imperative. The study was guided by the following research objectives; to evaluate the existing institutional framework in developing savings and credit programs and its impact on the financial stability and welfare of personnel, to assess the inherent challenges faced by the defence savings and credit programs and their impact on job satisfaction, morale, and welfare of members and lastly to identify opportunities and prospects for improving savings and credit programs to better align with the financial welfare needs of personnel and enhance their overall satisfaction and morale. To systematically address these objectives, a descriptive survey research design was adopted. This design is valuable for understanding the current state or prevalence of certain variables within a population. This approach, therefore, was chosen for its aptitude in capturing insights into personnel perceptions and experiences. By leveraging structured questionnaires as the primary data collection tool, the study aimed to elicit comprehensive feedback from Sacco members serving in the KDF. These questionnaires were designed to probe into key aspects of defence savings and credit programs, including institutional set up, core challenges, and overall proposals to improve effectiveness. In this case, simple random sampling was employed, with 110 members selected from Sacco members in Nairobi. This methodological choice was determined using the probability sampling designs, aimed to provide each member an equal chance of participation, thus enhancing the representativeness of the sample. Utilizing computer software such as SPSS, the study scrutinized the respondents to extract meaningful insights. The study reveals several key findings regarding the Defence savings and credit programs. Inadequate financial literacy emerged as the most significant challenge, affecting 43.2% of participants, highlighting the urgent need for enhanced financial education. Deployment and accessibility issues, credit risk, and the high transition rate of members also emerged as notable challenges. These factors contribute to decreased job satisfaction (42.1%), lowered morale (36.8%), and a negative impact on welfare (31.6%). To address these issues, there is strong support for improving financial literacy programs (68.4%), diversifying savings and credit products (60.0%), and increasing collaboration with external institutions (55.8%) and personalized financial counseling (57.9%). Despite the generally affordable and competitive financial products available (86.3%), there are areas for improvement in communication (72.6%) and ensuring fair returns on investments, which could enhance overall personnel satisfaction and financial stability. To improve the effectiveness of defense savings and credit programs, the following recommendations are made: enhance financial literacy through workshops and counseling, diversify savings and credit products to meet varied needs, collaborate with external financial institutions for additional resources, improve communication about available services, and ensure competitive returns on investments to boost personnel morale and satisfaction.Item Discursive Security and Violent Extremism in Uganda(NDU-K, 2024) Ogiki B PThe main aim of this study was to determine the role of discursive security in countering violent extremism in Uganda. The discursive approach to security analysis emphasizes the role of language and communication in shaping our understanding of security issues. Globally, discursive security has formed a large part of security narrative related to violent extremism. It focuses on how various forms of communication, both online and offline can either contribute to the spread of violent extremism or be harnessed to counteract it. The study was guided by the following objectives; to analyze and discuss the nature of violent extremism cases in Uganda, to establish how discursive security is perceived in counter violent extremism in Uganda and to assess the challenges and opportunities of discursive security in curbing violent extremism. The research study utilized the constructivism theory which that emphasizes the role of ideas, beliefs, and social interactions in shaping human behavior and the world around us. In the context of curbing violent extremism in Uganda, securitization theory can be applied to understand how the discourse around security and extremism is shaped and how it influences policy responses. This research utilized a descriptive research design, since it seeks to provide answers to the questions on the current status of discursive security and violent extremism in Uganda. The study mainly relied on qualitative secondary data. The study findings show that, the nature of violent extremism in Uganda is multifaceted entailing regional terrorist organizations namely; the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) and the Al Shabaab militia group based in Somalia. Other sources of terrorism in Uganda emanated from the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony and also another one named the Holy Spirit Movement (HSM) which to a greater extent influenced the security environment of much of Northern and Eastern Uganda. The discursive security in Uganda entails the use of discourse, communication, and narrative strategies to counter various security challenges. It has also formed part of the strategies adopted to counter violent extremism, and plays a significant role in curbing violent extremism, by addressing the ideological and communicative aspects of extremist narratives. Discursive Security therefore, facilitates counterterrorism by debunking misinformation spread by extremist groups. Some of the challenges confronting discursive security in Uganda include; complexity of messaging and cultural sensitivity. This means that different cultural contexts demand nuanced approaches, which implies that; what works in one community might not work the same way in another community, thereby necessitating a deep understanding of local cultures and norms. Further, challenges such as limited access to civic education, widespread misinformation, and the spread of radical ideologies through informal channels like local religious centers (Mosques) or online platforms (social media platforms), pose obstacles to effective communication and information dissemination. However, there also exist several opportunities associated with discursive security in curbing violent extremism in Uganda which include, empowerment through alternative narratives, community engagement and ownership of their security strategies as well as early intervention and prevention. In this regard the study recommends that, there is need to develop a multi-stakeholder approach involving government agencies, civil society organizations, religious leaders, academia, and international partners to address violent extremism comprehensively, invest in community-based initiatives that empower local actors to challenge extremist narratives, promote tolerance, and build social cohesion as well as strengthen education systems to foster critical thinking, media literacy, and intercultural understanding as preventive measures against radicalization.Item Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Secondary School Academic Performance Among Secondary School Students in Samburu West Constituency, Samburu County-Kenya(NDU-K, 2024) Silgich Eliakim KThe study examined Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and secondary school performance among high school students in Samburu West Constituency, Samburu County, Kenya. PTSD is diagnosed in people who have experienced traumatic events in their day-to-day activities directly or indirectly. Therefore, PTSD is regarded as a mental health condition that developed in some individuals who have experienced traumatic events. Traumatic events that could trigger PTSD included, but not limited to, conflict, natural disasters, serious accidents, physical or sexual assault, and other life-threatening experiences. The study was guided by the following objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of PTSD among secondary school Students in Samburu West Constituency, to determine the Nexus between PTSD and Academic Performance in Samburu West Constituency, to assess the efficacy of PTSD Support systems within Secondary schools in Samburu West Constituency and to determine social policy measures and mechanisms to address PTSD among high school students in Samburu west constituency. This study utilized Dual Representation Theory. The study adopted mixed method research approach anchored on descriptive survey research design to analyse the impact of Posttraumatic Stress on Education performance among Secondary School Students in Samburu West Constituency, Samburu County. The study employed various methods to collect both primary and secondary data. The study sampled 375 students from a target population of 6000 students employing Yamane formula. Five key informants composed of three teachers and two medical officers were interviewed. The findings show that, the impact of PTSD on academic performance among secondary school students is profound and multifaceted. They manifest in cognitive impairments such as difficulties with concentration, memory, and attention, intense emotional distress, physical symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, and insomnia, social withdrawal and isolation, as well as long-term effects on educational attainment and career prospects if left untreated. PTSD symptoms resulting from exposure to violence and insecurity can detrimentally affect students' ability to succeed in school. Addressing the mental health needs of affected students is crucial for mitigating these impacts and promoting academic success. In this regard, the study recommends that, the government should implement psycho-social support programs within schools to provide students affected y PTSD with counselling and mental health services. These programs should be designed to help students cope with trauma, reduce anxiety, and improve their overall well-being. There is need to provide training for teachers and school staff on identifying signs of PTSD and other mental health issues in students. There is also need to offer flexible academic support for students who have experienced trauma. This could include additional tutoring, modified coursework, or extended deadlines to accommodate their emotional needs while maintaining their educational progress. Findings shed light on how schools situated in conflict prone areas which often lead to traumatic events resulting to PTSD ultimately impacting on the academic performance of students could offer favourable opportunities for the students through the adoption of various mitigation strategies. Researchers interested in Education in conflict prone regions and student mental wellness could use these findings. Students afflicted with PTSD could benefit from improved provision of secondary school education if the research findings are implemented.Item Contribution of Responsive Governance to Personal Security: The Case of Crime Victims Support Services (CVSS) in Kenya(2024) Mwenje Mary WThis study investigates the role of responsive governance in enhancing personal security for crime victims within Kenya's law enforcement and justice system. The research addresses the systemic neglect of victims' rights and evaluates governance mechanisms to propose a victim centered approach for equitable justice. The following objectives guide the study; to examine the key principles of responsive governance that contribute to the success of crime support services, to assess the extent to which governance mechanisms in Kenya acknowledge and comprehensively serve the requirements of crime victims through the perspectives of crime victims and relevant stakeholders and to investigate strategic interventions for enhancing the efficacy of the existing governance mechanisms in addressing the needs of crime victims. The study adopted governance capacity and victim centred approach theories which integrates concepts from governance studies, victimology, and security studies to elucidate how governance mechanisms influence personal security outcomes for crime victims. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, data was collected from 180 respondents, including crime victims, law enforcement, legal practitioners, and advocacy groups, through structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The study identified major gaps in the accessibility and effectiveness of victim support services, with only 33.3% of respondents finding these services easily accessible and 35.3% expressing dissatisfaction with their effectiveness. Despite progressive legal frameworks, implementation gaps persist due to lack of a clear well-resourced single institution dedicated to crime victim welfare, financial constraints, corruption, low awareness and poor coordination among agencies with complimentary mandates. A strong consensus emerged on the need for strategic interventions, including a budget increase for victim support and streamlining the justice system to reduce re-victimization and undue delays. The study concludes that inclusivity especially of crime victims, transparency, and collaboration are crucial for successful victim support programs. However, significant implementation challenges undermine these efforts, necessitating specific, measurable, and time-bound interventions to improve governance mechanisms. The study advocates for enhancing the accessibility and tailoring of support services, strengthening legal/policy/administrative frameworks, increasing funding, and improving coordination among agencies. In view of the above, the study proposes urgent establishment of a Victim Support Agency (VSA) in Kenya meant to strategically provide leadership and ensure the effective coordination and oversight of crime victim support services. Keywords: Responsive governance, crime victims, criminal justice system, victim-centered approach.Item Bilateral Labour Agreements and Human Rights Protection of Kenya Migrant Workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council(NDU-K, 2024) Njoka Neema M M RIn recent years, the global Labour market has seen a substantial increase in the movement of migrant workers, driven by factors such as economic disparities, demographic shifts, and Labour shortages in various industries. However, despite the existence of the bilateral Labour agreement, the migration process exposes workers to various human rights abuses, including Labour exploitation, discrimination, and lack of access to social protections. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the existing bilateral Labour agreements and their effectiveness in protecting the human rights of Kenyan Labour migrants in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries. Specific objectives included examining the existing Bilateral Labour Agreements, policies and regulations between Kenya and GCC countries, exploring the push and pull factors that make Kenyan workers travel to the GCC Countries despite the challenges faced, to establish the reasons for human rights abuses on Kenyan migrant workers in Gulf Cooperation Council and to determine the mechanisms through which existing Bilateral Labour Agreements can best serve interests of and safeguard Human rights of Kenyan Workers in GCC Countries. This study is based on Ravenstein’s Theory of Migration (RTM) and Interest Theory of Human Rights. This study used qualitative research, emphasizing understanding and interpreting complex social phenomena. This study adopted a research design based on primary data collection method and secondary data analysis to explore the connection between Bilateral Labour Agreements and the protection of human rights for Kenyan migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Primary data collection involved conventional methods, such as interviews with guides to former migrant workers at GCC and Kenyan government officials in relevant ministries/agencies concerned with migrant workers at GCC—secondary data analysis involved collecting and examining pre-existing data from diverse sources. The study also relied on established secondary data sources, including government reports, international media, academic research, and organizations. The collected data was subjected to content analysis to reveal essential themes and qualitative insights. The study reveals that many GCC countries lack comprehensive legal frameworks to protect migrant workers' rights, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. Existing Labour laws are often poorly enforced, and domestic workers are mostly excluded from Labour law protections. The study recommends renewing Bilateral Labour Agreements (BLAs) between Kenya and GCC countries, raising awareness about workers' rights, establishing a Task Force Committee, adopting Asian Labour governance strategies, and establishing a robust migrant database for policymaking.Item Leadership Change and the Implementation of Kenya’s Foreign Policy(NDU-K, 2024) Maingi Natalynne NLeadership changes affect foreign policy execution worldwide. This study explored how leadership transitions affect foreign policy in the US, Russia, UK, SA and Kenya. These countries showed how presidential and legislative leadership transfers affect foreign policy and international relations. The study examined the impact of emerging leadership practices on Kenya's foreign policy, the Ministry of Foreign and Diaspora Affairs' leadership culture, the adequacy of leadership operationalized to drive Kenya's foreign policy from 2002 to 2022 and the extent to which leadership structure was responsive to Kenya's foreign policy. The study objectives sought to determine the influence of electoral cycles on Foreign Policy, assess the influence of political ideologies on Foreign Policy Implementation, examine the influence of diplomacy on Foreign Policy Implementation and analyse the intervening role of bureaucratic offices in the implementation of Foreign Policy. The study focused on how leadership transitions might have affected Kenya's national interests and foreign policy priorities using Scott (2005) institutionalism theory. The theory noted that institutions, encompassing formal and informal rules, norms and procedures, greatly influenced the behaviour and choices of political actors. Leadership changes and foreign policy outcomes were examined using a descriptive case study design. Comprehensive analysis included qualitative and quantitative methods. Kenya's government transitions, foreign policy decisions, diplomatic contacts and regional/global roles were the focus of the study. The target population was 388 which included top officials from the office of the president, parliamentarians, international relations experts and MFDA officials. Proportionate sampling was employed to sample 30% of the target population. Interview guides, questionnaires and document analysis tools were research tools. A pilot study established tool validity and reliability. Thematic analysis for qualitative data and statistical analysis for quantitative data were used. The study followed ethical research norms, including informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality, correct citation and institutional clearances. Findings of the study extensively explored the complex interplay of political, economic, technological and cultural factors influencing Kenya's foreign policy. Leadership changes, electoral cycles and psychological factors emerged as significant drivers, impacting foreign direct investment, peace and state integrity. While economic considerations, technological advancements and cultural diplomacy initiatives were generally viewed positively, challenges such as limited technology access and potential cultural misunderstandings were identified. The study acknowledged the generally successful nature of Kenya's diplomatic efforts, citing positive perceptions of effectiveness among respondents. Bureaucratic offices were recognized as pivotal in foreign policy implementation, with recommendations focusing on achieving a more consistent foreign policy aligned with national interests, leveraging economic, technological and cultural opportunities, addressing identified challenges and streamlining bureaucratic processes for enhanced effectiveness, communication and collaboration. The study concluded by emphasizing the importance of understanding and navigating the multifaceted nature of factors shaping Kenya's foreign policy for successful outcomes and strategic formulation.Item Enforcement Measures and Control of Illicit Cigarette Trade In Kenya: A Case of Kenya Revenue Authority(NDU-K, 2024) Jemutai NancyThe study focused on evaluating the effectiveness of enforcement efforts undertaken by KRA to control illicit cigarette trade in Kenya. The tobacco industry is afflicted by illicit activity Like many other markets, mostly linked to tax evasion and the counterfeiting of legitimate goods. The objectives of the study are to: investigate measures employed by KRA to control illicit cigarette trade; highlight the existing conditions that hinder effective implementation of enforcement measures by the Kenya Revenue Authority in anti-illicit cigarette trade and determine the impact of enforcement measures on government revenue in Kenya. This study was anchored on institutional theory. The study used a mixed methods research design. This research targeted 126 enforcement officers at KRA. The study used census method where every officer was engaged during data collection. Questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire was converted into a Google form and shared with the study participants via email and social media platforms. Quantitative data was keyed into SPSS Version 26 and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results were presented using charts, graphs, frequency tables and figures. For qualitative data, thematic analysis technique was employed to identify themes and categories. The study findings indicate that enforcement measures play a significant role in combating the distribution of illicit cigarettes in Kenya, but suggesting a need for enhanced online market regulation. Additionally, the study highlighted the impact of various factors on controlling illicit cigarette trade, emphasizing on the importance of government enforcement capabilities. In conclusion, enforcement efforts were recognized for their significant impact on government revenue preservation, public health protection, and the reduction of illicit trade prevalence.Item Environmental Diplomacy and the Conservation of Endangered Wildlife Species in Kenya: A Casestudy of Pangolin(NDU-K, 2024) Muita Lucy WThe main aim of this study was to establish environmental diplomacy and the conservation of endangered wildlife species in Kenya: Pangolin. The specific objectives that guided the study include; analyzing the nature and forms of advocacy efforts towards the conservation of endangered pangolin species in Kenya determining the legislative and institutional framework governing the conservation of pangolins in Kenya and evaluating the challenges affecting conservation of Pangolins in Kenya. The study utilized collaborative conservation theory and protected area theory, to contextualize the role of environmental diplomacy in conservation of endangered species in Kenya in this case the Pangolin. The study utilized a case study method in establishing the relationship between environmental diplomacy and conservation of endangered species in Kenya using a case of Pangolin. Primary data was collected using in-depth personal interviews and structured questionnaires, while formal periodic reports from security agencies, government ministries and departments, and non-governmental organisations provided secondary data. The acquired qualitative data was analysed using qualitative analysis. To aid deeper analysis, interpretation, and identification of the numerous thematic issues in the study, the researcher used content and theme analysis to organise the data into several categories. To analyse the quantitative data, descriptive statistics such as frequency, means, and percentages were employed. The findings revealed that advocacy efforts for pangolin conservation involve raising awareness, mobilizing support, and influencing policies. Efforts include educating the public, engaging local communities, influencing government policies, and fostering stakeholder cooperation. The legislative framework, including the Wildlife Conservation and Management Act 2013, provides legal protection for pangolins. However, challenges such as habitat loss, illegal wildlife trade, and poaching hinder effective conservation. The study recommends prioritizing public awareness campaigns, strengthening and monitoring wildlife protection legislation, and enhancing law enforcement to combat pangolin trafficking.Item Effects of Training on Youth Employment: A Case Study of National Youth Service, Kenya(NDU-K, 2024) Mburu Harriet MThe study examines employment through the lens of the Kenya National Youth Service (NYS) program, aiming to assess its impact on youth employability. It is guided by research objectives that include evaluating the relationship between NYS participation and subsequent employment rates among youth, identifying factors contributing to the program's success, and analyzing perceptions of stakeholders. Drawing from Human Capital and Social Capital theories, the research employs a descriptive and explorative approach, utilizing qualitative secondary data from various regions in Kenya. The findings indicate a multifaceted relationship between NYS participation and employment, with the program positively influencing employability through skill development, work experience, and instilling discipline. Training opportunities in vocational skills, entrepreneurship, and leadership enhance participants' job prospects, emphasizing teamwork and professionalism valued by employers. However, the effectiveness of NYS varies based on training quality, access to job placement services, and economic conditions. Key success factors identified include relevant and quality training, private sector linkages facilitating internships and job placements, career guidance, and ongoing support mechanisms. Stakeholder perceptions vary, with positive feedback highlighting skill development and personal growth, while some express concerns about stipends, living conditions, and service duration. Recommendations include diversifying training programs to align with market demands, implementing robust monitoring and evaluation, prioritizing outreach to marginalized youth, and enhancing transparency and governance for program sustainability. The study emphasizes on the importance of NYS in enhancing youth employability, advocating for improvements to ensure its effectiveness and inclusivity in addressing the challenges faced by Kenya's youth.Item Influence of County Government Agricultural Initiatives on Food Security in Trans Nzoia East, Kenya (2013 to 2022)(NDU-K, 2024) Akumu FlaviaThe exponential growth of Kenya's population in recent decades has resulted in a corresponding surge in food consumption. This has exerted significant strain on the country's agricultural infrastructure. Trans Nzoia County, situated in the Rift Valley region of Kenya, has gained a reputation as the agricultural hub of the nation due to its fertile soils and favorable climatic conditions. The county has the capacity to make a substantial contribution to Kenya's food security. However, it has encountered many challenges that have hindered its progress. This study, therefore, looked at the County Government's Agricultural Initiatives and their influence on Food Security in Trans Nzoia East. The study was guided by three main objectives, to assess the influence of subsidized input by the County government on agricultural production in Trans Nzoia East, to examine the influence of County government capacity building on farmers’ agricultural production in Trans Nzoia East and to investigate how County infrastructure development has affected food accessibility and availability in Trans Nzoia East. The study was grounded in Schultz's Schultzian Theory. The research design of the study was a descriptive research design incorporating a mixed methodology approach. The research used both primary and secondary data. The study adopted the survey as the data collection instrument, which took the form of a questionnaire. The sample frame for this study involved 65 local farmers, 15 County government officials, and other professionals within the farming industry ecosystems in Trans Nzoia East. The results show that County government Agricultural Initiatives have had a significant positive effect on food security in Trans Nzoia East. Subsidized inputs programs such as fertilizers and seeds have translated into high agricultural production rates with greater household food availability. Additionally, capacity building programs and extension services have helped to increase the knowledge and skills of farmers so that they can adopt modern agriculture practices, generating higher yields. Nevertheless, obstacles like lack of adequate infrastructure, inability to reach markets, and governance have continued to undermine the full realization of benefits. The major themes that emerge from the qualitative analysis include subsidized input and its influence on farmers’ choice of crops, extension services as a way of improving agricultural production efficiency, and infrastructure problems in transportation as well as market access. Input subsidies were also criticized in terms of sustainability, and stakeholders emphasized the importance of transparency and accountability required from implementation levels. From the findings of this research, recommendations are provided with a view to improving efficiency and effectiveness performance of County government Agricultural Initiatives in boosting food security levels within the region. Some of these are strengthening extension services, improving input provision, enhancing infrastructure investment, motivating diversification efforts, and encouraging public-private partnerships in procurement and financing incentives programs, respectively. By focusing on these research priorities and implementing the recommendations provided, policymakers can act with practitioners and stakeholders to pursue sustainable agricultural growth that is able to provide food security and improve the livelihoods of rural communities in the Trans Nzoia East, Kenya, as well as the rest of the country.Item Environmental Diplomacy and Climate Change Adaptation: the Case Study of Kenya(NDU-K, 2024) Guyo Wario KThis study provides an in-depth analysis on environmental diplomacy and how it influences climate change adaptation and mitigation in Kenya. Climate change is considered a significant global challenge in the 21st century facing the international organizations. Climate change has detrimental effects on international security alongside global stability. The study’s general objective was to investigate the role of environmental diplomacy in advancing climate change mitigation and adaptation in Kenya. The specific objectives were: first to assess Kenya’s level of compliance with global environmental treaty obligations; secondly, to determine the role of environmental diplomacy in climate change adaptation in Kenya and third, to evaluate the challenges and opportunities in leveraging Kenya’s diplomatic efforts for Climate Change adaptation. The study utilized descriptive research design with the target population being environmental activists, government officials, NGO officials alongside diplomats. Purposive sampling technique was used to identify the respondents, after which proportionate sampling was applicable to categorise the sample respondents into ten per category. A semi-structured and interview guide were applicable as data collection instrument. Factor analysis was applicable with ordinal regression method employed to model the relationship between the ordinal outcome variable and the independent variables with results being presented in form tables and graphs. Thematic analysis was applicable in the analysis of the qualitative data. The key findings suggest that environmental diplomacy has a substantial impact on Kenya's climate adaption measures through facilitating discussions on several bilateral, regional, and international accords. The research emphasizes that successful environmental diplomacy involves the active participation of governments, organizations, and people in addressing climate-related requirements. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of implementing complete plans that take into account the expenses of adaption and the monitoring of advancements. Suggestions involve strengthening Kenya's diplomatic efforts to enhance cooperation and efficacy in addressing climate change issues. In summary, the research provides vital knowledge on how environmental diplomacy might be utilized to promote climate action in Kenya and similar situations. The study recommends that environmental diplomacy should examine several aspects of implementation on adaptation strategies, including who will bear what costs and how progress may be tracked.Item Police Command Structure and Combating Human Trafficking in Nairobi County, Kenya(2024) Nyonje Bruce OThe exploitation and coercion of people for a variety of reasons, including forced labor, sexual exploitation, and involuntary servitude, is the complicated and unsettling global issue of human trafficking. Through case investigations, victim rescues, and trafficker prosecutions, law enforcement organizations play a critical role in the fight against human trafficking. Human trafficking remains a pressing issue within Nairobi County, Kenya, despite the efforts of the police command structure to combat it. This assertion is substantiated by documented cases, reports, or statistics indicating the prevalence and continuous occurrence of human trafficking incidents in Nairobi, Kenya. The general objective of the study was to explore the police command structure in combating human trafficking within Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to: (i) determine the effectiveness of a police command procedure in combating human trafficking, (ii) examine the utilization of technology within the police command structure in combating human trafficking and (iii) assess the effectiveness of intra-departmental collaboration within the police command structure in combating human trafficking in Nairobi City County. The study was guided by two theories: the institutional theory, the innovation diffusion theory. The design of the study was a cross- sectional survey targeting officers from the National Police Service within Nairobi County, National Government Officers (NGAO), and general public. Data from 141 respondents who were purposefully chosen was gathered through the use of questionnaires and an interview guide. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the quantitative data, with qualitative data providing thematic context for the analysis. Key issues identified include intelligence coordination gaps between units, insufficient trafficking-specific training for officers, and discrepancies in strategic prioritization compared to the scope of the problem. There is need to institute mandatory interagency information sharing procedures, reporting structures and deadlines between units Key words: Police Command structure, human trafficking, combating human traffickingItem Institutional Dynamics Influencing the Fight Against Corruption In Kenya: Case Study of Ethics and Anti-corruption Commission (EACC)(2024) Wekesa IgnatiusThe Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) is an institution established by the constitution of Kenya to spearhead integration of ethics in public service. Despite the existence of EACC for over ten years, during which period its services have been decentralized to the sub national level to support the fight against the twin vices of corruption and unethical behavior by public servants, the two have persisted and the damage is felt by the citizenry who cannot get quality basic public services. This raises further questions as to the efficacy of the mechanisms put in place by the institution to rid public service of the vices. The specific objectives that guided the study include; establishing the level of awareness of the mandate of EACC in the fight against corruption in Kenya, examining the effect of decentralization of EACC to the counties on the fight against corruption in Kenya and assessing the effectiveness of the anti-corruption measures governing the fight against corruption in Kenya. The study was anchored on Institutional Design and the Principal Agent theories to explain the phenomenon of corruption in Kenya. In terms of methodology, the study used a mixed-methods approach in the collection, analysis and interpretation of both primary and secondary data. The target population in this research study included officers drawn from seven state agencies which collaborate with the EACC in the fight against corruption in Kenya and from which a sample size of 96 was obtained using purposive and stratified random sampling procedures. A questionnaire and a Key Informant Interview guide were used for data collection. The resulting quantitative data was descriptively analyzed while the qualitative data was analyzed using the content analysis process. The findings show that the level of awareness of the mandate of the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) in the fight against corruption in Kenya varies among different segments of the population. While some individuals and organizations have a clear understanding of EACC's role, others have limited awareness, an issue that was attributed to various factors such as education levels, access to information, and communication strategies employed by EACC. Decentralization of EACC to the counties was found to have both positive and negative effects on the fight against corruption. On the positive side, decentralization was found to have enhanced accessibility of anti-corruption services to citizens at the grassroots level, leading to increased reporting of corrupt activities and more effective enforcement of anti-corruption measures in local communities. This is however challenged by resource inadequacy, capacity building shortfalls, and poor coordination of the anticorruption efforts. The study also established that implementation and enforcement of the law and policies aimed at combating corruption faces significant challenges, key among them weak governance structures, lack of political will, unethical conduct within law enforcement agencies, lack of prosecutorial powers and judicial inefficiencies. These factors contribute to the limited success of anti-corruption efforts. Based on these findings, the study recommends promotion of civic education and public awareness of the mandate of EACC, strengthening of institutional controls, regular vetting of anticorruption law enforcers, optimal resourcing of EACC and the granting of prosecutorial powers to EACC for it to deliver on its mandate.Item Participatory Forest Management Practices and Climate Change Mitigation in Kenya: A Case of Karura Forest Ecosystem, Nairobi County(NDU-K, 2024) Rono John KParticipatory Forest Management (PFM) is an approach of involving community and other stakeholders in sustainable forest resource management. It involves collaboration in all aspects including making decision to improve conservation and the socio-economic conditions of the forest adjacent communities. This study examined PFM practices and climate change mitigation: A case of Karura forest ecosystem, Nairobi county-Kenya. The study focused on biodata of respondents, PFM practices and climate change mitigation, PFM regulatory framework and climate change mitigation, and an evaluation of impact of PFM implementation and climate change mitigation in Karura Forest ecosystem. The research involved diverse stakeholders, including the Friends of Karura Forest Community Forest Association (FKFCFA) and achieved an 83.5% response rate. The respondents' demographic distribution reflected a collaborative approach, with diverse age categories (18-25 to over 56 years) and a balanced gender representation (44% male, 56% female). The varied years of involvement in conservation efforts emphasize the richness of experience within the community, showcasing a collaborative network crucial for addressing climate change challenges in Karura Forest. The study's findings regarding the aspects PFM indicate a strong correlation (96%) between PFM practices and climate change mitigation efforts, emphasizing its role in rehabilitating degraded ecosystems. The research reveals a positive outlook on community involvement and the alignment of PFM with global climate change mitigation goals. Analysis regulatory framework of PFM highlights the effectiveness of stakeholder role allocation (68%) and positive cooperation between the government and partner organizations (85%). However, challenges such as communication gaps and conflicting interests underscore the need for continuous improvement. Lack of awareness (33%) and significant barriers, including lack of funding (40%) and policy constraints (36%), necessitate targeted interventions to ensure the success of PFM practices. The evaluation of upshots of this approach demonstrates PFM's transformative role. The forest cover for Karura Forest Ecosystem has increased significantly, from 89.83% in 2010 to 91.042% in 2023, showcasing its effectiveness in conservation and climate change mitigation. PFM implementation has positively influenced biodiversity, climate change mitigation, and social equity, with a cumulative positive rating of 93%. The study identifies successful economic empowerment practices and a sense of ownership and responsibility among local communities, resulting in reduced illegal activities. Indeed, PFM practices in Karura Forest Ecosystem has proven effective in climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and social equity. The collaborative efforts involving diverse stakeholders and the integration of traditional ecological knowledge contribute to its success. Strengthening communication, promoting gender equality, addressing awareness gaps, seeking alternative funding, and addressing challenges associated with income-generating activities will foster attainment of sustainability in PFM practices to mitigate Climate Change in Karura Forest Ecosystem. Further research is suggested to explore additional factors influencing PFM practices success and long-term impacts on climate change mitigation.Item Great Power Competition in the Horn of Africa and Kenya’s National Security Interests(NDU-K, 2024) Kabuti George NThis study assessed the impact of great powers competition in the Horn of Africa (HoA) region on Kenya’s national security interests in the period between 2010 to 2022. During this period, the HoA witnessed intense moments for, among other things, competition for its mineral resources, strategic seaports for commercial purposes, and hydrocarbons. More broadly, burgeoning literature categorizes the extreme global power competition in the region as a ‘second scramble for Africa.’ China, the United States of America (USA), and periodically Russia have been pointed as the key global powers jostling for influence in the HoA region. The study thus adopted realism as the theoretical lens to explain how the aforesaid great power competition impacted on Kenya’s national security interest. The study adopted qualitative research design with primary data collected by Key Informants Interview (KII) and Focus Discussion Groups (FGD) methods. Secondary data was further used to respond to the study’s research question. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were utilized to analyze the data. The study made the assumption that the advancement of the great powers in the HoA region impacted negatively on Kenya’s national security interests. Upon this, the study not only attempted to address the existing gap in the literature but also sought to proffer approaches and strategies that Kenya could use to promote her national security interests in the HoA region and beyond. The research determined that relationship existed between great power competition in the HoA region and Kenya’s national security interests. Further, the results indicated that the relationship was both positive and negative departing from the assumption made during the research that only negative impact existed. Moreover, the study showed that there were multiple dimensions to comprehending Kenya’s national security interests within the context of great power rivalry in the region. Specifically, the realities of great power competition in the region dictated some of Kenya’s strategies for advancing her national security interests. Accordingly, the study concluded that the geopolitical rivalry in the region significantly impacted on Kenya’s national security interests, and in the process necessitating the need for Kenya to continually develop strategies to mitigate against the aforesaid in addition to maximizing on the resultant opportunities. The study recommended that Kenya needed to continually redesign her strategies to address the impact of great power rivalry on her national security interests in view of the evolving interests and dynamics that shaped great power competition. The research further recommended that more studies be done on the effectiveness of the various strategies that Kenya deployed to deal with the impact of great power competition on her national security interest.